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1. Biology and the Tree of Life. The Cell Theory. The Theory ofEvolution by Natural Selection. The Tree of Life. Biological Science.Box 1.1:Scientific Names and Terms.Box 1.2: Medicine, Economics and the Tree ofLife.Essay: Where Do Humans Fit on the Tree of Life?UNIT I. THE ORIGIN ANDEARLY EVOLUTION OF LIFE. 2. The Atoms and Molecules of Ancient Earth. TheAncient Earth. The Building Blocks of Chemical Evolution. Chemical Reactions,Chemical Energy, and Chemical Evolution. The Composition of the EarlyAtmosphere: Redox Reactions and the importance of Carbon. The Early Oceansand the Properties of Water.Box 2.1: Atomic Mass.Box 2.2: Bond Types Form aContinuum.Essay: The Search for Extraterrestrial Life.3. Macromolecules andthe RNA World. The Start of Chemical Evolution: Experimental Simulations.The Building Blocks of Macromolecules. The First Macromolecules. The FirstLiving Entity.Box 3.1: How Do Biologists Define Life?Box 3.2: GelElectrophoresis and Autoradiography.Box 3.3: How Proteins CatalyzeReactions.Box 3.4: Models in Biology: The Double Helix.Essay: MolecularHandedness and the Thalidomide Tragedy.4. Membranes and the First Cells.Lipid Chemistry. Phospholipid Bilayers. Why Molecules Move Across LipidBilayers: Diffusion and Osmosis. Membrane Proteins.Box 4.1: The TransmissionElectron Microscope.Box 4.2: The Scanning Electron Microscope.Box 4.3: TheFluid-Mosaic Model.Essay: The Molecular Basis of Cystic Fibrosis.UNIT II.CELL FUNCTIONS. 5. Cell Structure and Function. A Tour of the Cell. TheNucleus of Nuclear Transport. The Endomembrane System: Synthesis andDistribution of Cellular Products. The Cytoskeleton.Box 5.1: An Introductionto Centrifugation.Essay: Organelles and Human Disease.6. Respiration andFermentation. An Overview of Cellular Respiration. Glycolysis. The KrebsCycle. Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis. Fermentation. How Does CellularRespiration Interact with Other Metabolic Pathways.Essay: ATP ProductionDuring Exercise.7. Photosynthesis. What Is Photosynthesis? How DoesChlorophyll Capture Light Energy? The Photosynthetic Reaction Centers. TheCalvin Cycle.Box 7.1: Types of Plastids.Box 7.2: Why Was the OxygenRevolution Important?Essay: Are Rising CO2 Levels in the Atmosphere AffectingPlant Productivity.8. Cell Division. Mitosis and the Cell Cycle. How DoesMitosis Take Place? Control of the Cell Cycle. Cancer: Out-of-Control CellDivision.Box 8.1: Cell-Culture Methods.Box 8.2: Cell Division inBacteria.Essay: Cancer Chemotherapy.UNIT III. GENE STRUCTURE AND EXPRESSION.9. Meiosis. How Does Meiosis Occur? The Consequences of Meiosis? Why DoesMeiosis Exist? Why Sex? Mistakes in Meiosis.Box 9.1: KaryotypingTechniques.Box 9.2: Experimental Evidence for Physical Exchange of ChromosomeSegments During Crossing Over.Box 9.3: Recombination in Bacteria.Essay:Seedless Fruits.10. Mendel and the Gene. Mendel's Experiments with a SingleTrait? Mendel's Experiments with Two Traits. The Chromosome Theory ofInheritance. Testing and Extending the Chromosome Theory. Extending Mendel'sRules.Box 10.1: Combining Probabilities.Box 10.2: Sample Size and ChanceFluctuations.Essay: Does "Genetic Determinism" Exist?11. How Do Genes Work?DNA as the Hereditary Material. What Do Genes Do? The Genetic Code? TheCentral Dogma of Molecular Biology.Box 11.1: RNA Genomes: Exceptions to theCentral Dogma.Essay: How Do Viruses Work?12. DNA Synthesis, Mutation, andRepair. Testing Early Hypotheses About DNA Replication. A ComprehensiveModel for DNA Synthesis. Analyzing DNA Sequences in the Laboratory. TheMolecular Basis of Mutation. Repairing Damaged DNA.Essay: The Genetic Basisof Cancer.13. Transcription and Translation. Transcription in Bacteria.Transcription in Eukaryotes. An Introduction to Translation. The of TransferRNA. The Ribosome. Post-Transitional Events.Box 13.1: An Introduction toX-Ray Crystallography.Box 13.2: Prions.Essay: Transcription, Translation, andToxins.14. Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria. Gene Regulation andInformation Flow. Identifying the Genes Involved in Lactose Metabolism. TheDiscovery of the Repressor. Catabolite Repression and Positive Control. TheOperator and the Repressor--An Introduction to DNA-Binding Proteins.Box 14.1:Gene Transfer in Bacteria.Box 14.2: Negative Control and Attentuation in thetrp Operon.Box 14.3: DNA Footprinting.Essay: Controlling the Expression ofDisease-Causing Genes.15. Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes.Mechanisms of Gene Regulation--An Overview. Eukaryotic DNA and the Regulationof Gene Expression. Regulatory Sequences in DNA. Regulatory Proteins.Post-Transcriptional Processing. Linking Cancer with Defects in GeneRegulation.Box 15.1: Recombinant DNA Technology.Box 15.2: SouthernBlotting.Essay: Gene Regulation and the Green Revolution.16. Genomes. AnIntroduction to Whole-Genome Sequencing. Bacterial and Archaeal Genomes.Eukaryotic Genomes. Future Prospects.Box 16.1: Bioinformatics.Essay: Genomicsand Issues of Privacy.17. Genetic Engineering and its Applications. UsingRecombinant DNA Techniques to Manufacture Proteins: The Effort to CurePituitary Dwarfism. Gene Hunting Based on Pedigree Analysis. Can Gene TherapyCure Inherited Diseases in Humans? Biotechnology in Agriculture.Box 17.1:Genome Sequencing and Gene Hunting.Box 17.2: Genetic Testing.Essay:Controversies over Genetically Modified Foods.UNIT IV. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY.18. An Introduction to Development. Developmental Stages and Patterns. Doesthe Genetic Makeup of Cells Changes as Development Proceeds? What CausesDifferential Gene Expression?Essay: Human Cloning.19. Early Development.Gametogenesis. Fertilization. Cleavage. Gastrulation.Box 19.1: VisualizingmRNAs by Situ Hybridization.Essay: Treating Human Infertility.20. WhatDetermines a Cell's Fate? Pattern Formation in Drosophila. Pattern Formationin Arabidopsis. Differentiation: Becoming a Specialized Cell. Box 20.1:Maternal Effect Inheritance.Box 20.2: Programmed Cell Death.Essay: Human StemCells.UNIT V. EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS AND PROCESSES. 21. Darwinism and theEvidence for Evolution. The Evidence for Evolution. How Natural SelectionWorks. Evolution in Action: Recent Research on Natural Selection.Box 21.1:The Evidence for Evolution.Box 21.2: How Natural Selection Works.Box 21.3:Evolutionary Theory Before Darwin.Box 21.4: Problems in Estimating theHeritability of Traits.Essay: The Debate over "Scientific Creationism".22.Evolutionary Processes. Why is Genetic Diversity Important? Analyzing AlleleFrequency Change: The Hardy-Weinberg Principle. Mutation. Migration.Inbreeding. Natural Selection. Sexual Selection.Essay: Evolutionary Theoryand Human Health.23. Speciation. Defining and Identifying Species. Isolationand Divergence in Sympatry. Isolation and Divergence in Allopatry. SecondaryContact.Box 23.1: How Do Researchers Estimate Phylogenetic Trees?Essay: HumanRaces.24. The History of Life. Tools for Studying History. The CambrianExplosion. The Genetic Mechanisms of Change. Adaptive Radiations. MassExtinctions.Box 24.1: The Molecular Clock.Essay: Is a Mass Extinction EventUnder Way Now?UNIT VI. THE DIVERSIFICATION OF LIFE. 25. Bacteria and Archaea.What Are the Bacteria and Archaea? Metabolic Diversity in Bacteria andArchaea? Bacteria, Archaea, and Global Change. Bacterial Diseases.Box 25.1:Cultural Techniques as a Research Tool.Essay: Antibiotics and the Evolutionof Resistance.26. Viruses. What Are the Viruses? What Is HIV? How Does andHIV Infection Begin? How Does HIV Replicate Its Genome? How Are ViralProteins Translated and Processed? How Are Viruses Transmitted to NewHosts?Box 26.1: Where Did Viruses Come From?Essay: Emerging Viruses.27.Protists. What Are the Protists? Themes in the Evolution of Protists? TheOrigin of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts. How Do Protists Affect Human Healthand Welfare?Box 27.1: How Should We Name the Tree of Life's MajorBranches?Essay: Revolutions in Science.28. Land Plants. Phylogenies and theFossil Record: origins and Diversification. The Transition to Land: KeyInnovations and Trends. Strategies for Photon Capture. Food, Fuel, and Fiber:Human Use of Pants.Essay: Genetic Diversity in Crop Plants?29. Fungi. WhatAre the Fungi? Growth, Digestion, and Absorption. Mutualism. Parasitism.Box29.1: The Problem of Convergence.Box 29.2: Fungi at Work.Essay: Why Are FrogsDying?30. Animals. Origins and Early Diversification. Feeding. KeyInnovations in the Radiation of Arthropods. Key Innovations in the Radiationof Vertebrates. Human Evolution.Essay: So Human An Animal.UNIT VII. HOWPLANTS WORK. 31. Plant Form and Function. The Diversity of Plant Form.Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Systems. The Anatomy of Plant Growth. StudyingAdaptation.Box 31.1: Nonvascular Plants.Box 31.2: Monocots and Dicots.Box31.3: Tree-Ring Studies.Essay: Wood as a Structural Material.32. Water andSugar Transport in Plants. Water Potential and Cell-to-Cell Movement.Transpiration and Water Movement from Roots to Leaves. Translocation.Essay:Irrigated Agriculture.33. Plant Nutrition. Nutritional Requirements. Soil.Nutrient Uptake. Nitrogen Fixation. Nutritional Adaptation of Plants.Essay:Tropical Soils.34. Sensory Systems in Plants. Sensing Light. How Do PlantsPerceive Gravity? How Do Plants Respond to Touch?Essay: Can Plants TellTime?35. Communication: Chemical Signals. Phototropism. Apical Dominance.Growth and Dormancy.Box 35.1: Cytokinins.Essay: Herbicides.36. PlantReproduction. An Introduction to Plant Reproduction. ReproductiveStructures. Pollination and Fertilization. The Seed.Box 36.1: Pure andApplied Science.Essay: Why Do Wasps Try to Copulate with Hammer Orchids?37.Plant Defense Systems. Barriers to Entry. Plant Poisons. The Cost ofDefense. Responding to Pathogens. Responding to Herbivores.Essay: ChemicalProspecting.UNIT VIII. HOW ANIMALS WORK. 38. Animal Form and Function. TheNature of Natural Selection. The Nature of Adaptation. Tissues, Organs, andSystems: How Does Structure Correlate with Function? Body Size and Scaling.Homeostasis.Essay: Is Fever Adaptive?39. Water and Electrolyte Balance inAnimals. Osmotic Stress and Osmoregulation. Water and Electrolyte Balance inAquatic Environments. Water and Electrolyte Balance in TerrestrialInvertebrates. Water and Electrolyte Balance in TerrestrialVertebrates.Essay: Life in the Desert.40. Animal Nutrition. NutritionalRequirements. Obtaining Food: The Structure and Function of Beaks, Teeth, andMouthparts. Digestion. Nutritional Homeostasis--Glucose as a CaseStudy.Essay: Cholesterol, Heart Disease, and Diet.41. Gas Exchange andCirculation. Air and Water as Respiratory Media. Organs of Gas Exchange.Blood. The Circulatory System. Homeostasis in Blood Pressure and BloodChemistry.Box 41.1: Measuring Blood Pressure.Essay: Smoking and LungFunction.42. Electrical Signals in Animals. Principles of ElectricalSignaling. Dissecting the Action Potential. The Synapse. The VertebrateNervous System.Box 42.1: The Nernst Equation and the Goldman Equation.Essay:Can Brain Tissue Transplants Help People with Parkinson's Disease?43. AnimalSensory Systems and Movement. How Do Sensory Organs Convey Information tothe Brain? Hearing? Vision? Taste and Smell. Movement.Box 43.1: Senses thatHumans Don't Have.Box 43.2: Vertebrate Versus Cephalopod Eyes.Essay:Sprinters and Marathoners--Born or Made?44. Chemical Signals in Animals.Cataloging Hormone Structure and Function. What Do Hormones Do? How Is theProduction of Hormones Regulated? How Do Hormones Act on Target Cells?Box44.1: A Closer Look at Thyroxine and the Thyroid Gland.Box 44.2: Oxytocin andADH.Essay: Do Humans Produce Pheromones?45. Animal Reproduction. Asexual andSexual Reproduction. Fertilization and Egg Development. ReproductiveStructures and Their Functions. The Role of Sex Hormones in MammalianReproduction. Human Pregnancy and Birth.Box 45.1: Unusual Aspects ofFertilization.Box 45.2: Abuse of Synthetic Steroids.Essay: Contraception.46.The Immune System in Animals. Innate Immunity. The Acquired Immune Response:Recognition. The Acquired Immune Response: Activation. The Acquired ImmuneResponse: Culmination.Box 46.1: Producing Monoclonal Antibodies.Box 46.2: HowDoes the Immune System Distinguish Self from Non-Self?Box 46.3: The ELISATest.Essay: Allergies.UNIT IX. ECOLOGY. 47. Behavior. The Role of Genes. HowAnimals Act: Neural and Hormonal Control. The Adaptive Consequences ofBehavior. The Evolution of Behavior.Box 47.1: Using Reverse Genetics to StudyBehavior.Box 47.2: Conditional Strategies and the Nature/Nurture Debate.Box47.3: The Importance of Observation in Behavioral Studies.Box 47.4:Calculating the Coefficient of Relatedness.Essay: Children at Risk.48.Population Ecology. Population Growth. How Do the Sizes of PopulationsChange over Time? Population Structure. Demography and Conservation.Box 48.1:What's the Best Way to Clean Up an Oil Spill?Box 48.2: Mark-RecaptureStudies.Essay: What Limits Human Population Growth?49. Species Interactions.Parasitism. Predation. Herbivory. Competition. Mutualism.Essay: PredatorControl.50. Community Ecology. Climate and the Distribution of EcologicalCommunities. How Predictable Are Community Assemblages? Species Diversity inEcological Communities.Box 50.1: Measuring Species Diversity.Essay:Let-It-Burn Policies.51. Ecosystems. Energy Flow and Trophic Structure.Biogeochemical Cycles.Essay: Global Warming.52. Biodiversity andConservation. How Many Species Are Being Lost, and Why? Why Should We Care?Setting Conservation Priorities.Box 52.1: Why Do Small Populations BecomeInbred, and Why is Inbreeding Harmful?Essay: Metaphors for the Future: EasterIsland and Guanacaste.Appendix. Glossary. Index.