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Contents Applications in the Text xxi Preface: To the Instructor xxvPreface: To the Student xxxix Guide to Features of the Text xl 1Introduction to Physics 1 1-1 Physics and the Laws of Nature 2 1-2Units of Length, Mass, and Time 2 1-3 Dimensional Analysis 4 1-4Significant Figures 5 1-5 Converting Units 8 1-6 Order-of-MagnitudeCalculations 10 1-7 Scalars and Vectors 11 1-8 Problem Solving inPhysics 11 Chapter Summary 13 Conceptual Questions 14 ConceptualExercises 14 Problems 14 PART I MECHANICS 2 One-Dimensional Kinematics17 2-1 Position, Distance, and Displacement 18 2-2 Average Speed andVelocity 19 2-3 Instantaneous Velocity 23 2-4 Acceleration 25 2-5Motion with Constant Acceleration 29 2-6 Applications of the Equations ofMotion 35 2-7 Freely Falling Objects 37 Chapter Summary 43Problem-Solving Summary 45 Conceptual Questions 46 Conceptual Exercises46 Problems 47 3 Vectors in Physics 57 3-1 Scalars Versus Vectors 583-2 The Components of a Vector 58 3-3 Adding and Subtracting Vectors 633-4 Unit Vectors 66 3-5 Position, Displacement, Velocity, andAcceleration Vectors 67 3-6 Relative Motion 71 Chapter Summary 73Problem-Solving Summary 74 Conceptual Questions 74 Conceptual Exercises75 Problems 75 4 Two-Dimensional Kinematics 81 4-1 Motion in TwoDimensions 82 4-2 Projectile Motion: Basic Equations 85 4-3 Zero LaunchAngle 86 4-4 General Launch Angle 91 4-5 Projective Motion: KeyCharacteristics 95 Chapter Summary 99 Problem-Solving Summary 101Conceptual Questions 101 Conceptual Exercises 102 Problems 103 5Newton's Laws of Motion 109 5-1 Force and Mass 110 5-2 Newton's FirstLaw of Motion 110 5-3 Newton's Second Law of Motion 112 5-4 Newton'sThird Law of Motion 120 5-5 The Vector Nature of Forces: Forces in TwoDimensions 123 5-6 Weight 126 5-7 Normal Forces 130 Chapter Summary134 Problem-Solving Summary 135 Conceptual Questions 135 ConceptualExercises 137 Problems 138 6 Applications of Newton's Laws 143 6-1Frictional Forces 144 6-2 Strings and Springs 152 6-3 TranslationalEquilibrium 156 6-4 Connected Objects 160 6-5 Circular Motion 164Chapter Summary 169 Problem-Solving Summary 170 Conceptual Questions 170Conceptual Exercises 171 Problems 172 7 Work and Kinetic Energy 1797-1 Work Done by a Constant Force 180 7-2 Kinetic Energy and theWork-Energy Theorem 186 7-3 Work Done by a Variable Force 190 7-4 Power195 Chapter Summary 197 Problem-Solving Summary 198 ConceptualQuestions 199 Conceptual Exercises 199 Problems 200 8 Potential Energyand Conservation of Energy 205 8-1 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces206 8-2 Potential Energy and the Work Done by Conservative Forces 2098-3 Conservation of Mechanical Energy 215 8-4 Work Done byNonconservative Forces 223 8-5 Potential Energy Curves and Equipotentials228 Chapter Summary 231 Problem-Solving Summary 232 Conceptual Questions232 Conceptual Exercises 233 Problems 234 9 Linear Momentum andCollisions 241 9-1 Linear Momentum 242 9-2 Momentum and Newton's SecondLaw 244 9-3 Impulse 245 9-4 Conservation of Linear Momentum 249 9-5Inelastic Collisions 254 9-6 Elastic Collisions 260 9-7 Center of Mass265 *9-8 Systems with Changing Mass: Rocket Propulsion 270 ChapterSummary 272 Problem-Solving Summary 274 Conceptual Questions 274Conceptual Exercises 275 Problems 276 10 Rotational Kinematics andEnergy 283 10-1 Angular Position, Velocity, and Acceleration 284 10-2Rotational Kinematics 288 10-3 Connections Between Linear and RotationalQuantities 291 10-4 Rolling Motion 296 10-5 Rotational Kinetic Energyand the Moment of Inertia 297 10-6 Conservation of Energy 301 ChapterSummary 306 Problem-Solving Summary 308 Conceptual Questions 309Conceptual Exercises 309 Problems 310 11 Rotational Dynamics and StaticEquilibrium 317 11-1 Torque 318 11-2 Torque and Angular Acceleration321 11-3 Zero Torque and Static Equilibrium 325 11-4 Center of Mass andBalance 332 11-5 Dynamic Applications of Torque 335 11-6 AngularMomentum 337 11-7 Conservation of Angular Momentum 340 11-8 RotationalWork and Power 345 *11-9 The Vector Nature of Rotational Motion 346Chapter Summary 348 Problem-Solving Summary 350 Conceptual Questions 350Conceptual Exercises 350 Problems 352 12 Gravity 360 12-1 Newton'sLaw of Universal Gravitation 361 12-2 Gravitational Attraction ofSpherical Bodies 364 12-3 Kepler's Laws of Orbital Motion 369 12-4Gravitational Potential Energy 376 12-5 Energy Conservation 379 *12-6Tides 386 Chapter Summary 388 Problem-Solving Summary 390 ConceptualQuestions 390 Conceptual Exercises 390 Problems 391 13 OscillationsAbout Equilibrium 396 13-1 Periodic Motion 397 13-2 Simple HarmonicMotion 398 13-3 Connections Between Uniform Circular Motion and SimpleHarmonic Motion 401 13-4 The Period of a Mass on a Spring 407 13-5Energy Conservation in Oscillatory Motion 411 13-6 The Pendulum 414 13-7Damped Oscillations 420 13-8 Driven Oscillations and Resonance 421Chapter Summary 423 Problem-Solving Summary 425 Conceptual Questions 425Conceptual Exercises 426 Problems 427 14 Waves and Sound 433 14-1Types of Waves 434 14-2 Waves on a String 436 *14-3 Harmonic WaveFunctions 439 14-4 Sound Waves 440 14-5 Sound Intensity 444 14-6 TheDoppler Effect 449 14-7 Superposition and Interference 455 14-8Standing Waves 458 14-9 Beats 466 Chapter Summary 468 Problem-SolvingSummary 470 Conceptual Questions 470 Conceptual Exercises 470 Problems471 15 Fluids 479 15-1 Density 480 15-2 Pressure 480 15-3 StaticEquilibrium in Fluids: Pressure and Depth 484 15-4 Archimedes' Principleand Buoyancy 489 15-5 Applications of Archimedes' Principle 491 15-6Fluid Flow and Continuity 496 15-7 Bernoulli's Equation 498 15-8Applications of Bernoulli's Equation 501 *15-9 Viscosity and SurfaceTension 504 Chapter Summary 507 Problem-Solving Summary 509 ConceptualQuestions 509 Conceptual Exercises 510 Problems 511 PART II THERMALPHYSICS 16 Temperature and Heat 517 16-1 Temperature and the Zeroth Lawof Thermodynamics 518 16-2 Temperature Scales 519 16-3 ThermalExpansion 523 16-4 Heat and Mechanical Work 529 16-5 Specific Heats531 16-6 Conduction, Convection, and Radiation 534 Chapter Summary 542Problem-Solving Summary 544 Conceptual Questions 544 Conceptual Exercises545 Problems 546 17 Phases and Phase Changes 551 17-1 Ideal Gases552 17-2 Kinetic Theory 558 17-3 Solids and Elastic Deformation 56317-4 Phase Equilibrium and Evaporation 568 17-5 Latent Heats 574 17-6Phase Changes and Energy Conservation 577 Chapter Summary 579Problem-Solving Summary 581 Conceptual Questions 581 Conceptual Exercises582 Problems 582 18 The Laws of Thermodynamics 588 18-1 The ZerothLaw of Thermodynamics 589 18-2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 589 18-3Thermal Processes 594 18-4 Specific Heats for an Ideal Gas: ConstantPressure, Constant Volume 599 18-5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 60318-6 Heat Engines and the Carnot Cycle 603 18-7 Refrigerators, AirConditioners, and Heat Pumps 607 18-8 Entropy 611 18-9 Order, Disorder,and Entropy 615 18-10 The Third Law of Thermodynamics 617 ChapterSummary 618 Problem-Solving Summary 620 Conceptual Questions 620Conceptual Exercises 621 Problems 622