内容

目次

Part 1 An empirical approach to language teaching methodology: defining"methodology"; research into language processing and production; thecontext and environment of learning; classrooms in action; exploringlanguage classrooms; how to use this book. Part 2 Listening: bottom-upand top-down views of listening; identifying different types oflistening; textual connectivity; listening purpose; what makeslistening difficult?; listening texts and tasks; investigatinglistening comprehension. Part 3 Speaking in a second language:identifying different types of speaking; predictability andunpredictability; the concept of "genre"; the difficulty of speakingtasks; classroom interaction; stimulating oral interaction in theclassroom; investigating speaking and oral interaction. Part 4 Reading- discourse perspective: bottom-up and top-down views on reading;scheme theory and reading; research into reading in a second language;reading and social context; types of reading text; the reading lesson;investigating reading comprehension. Part 5 Developing writing skills:differences between spoken and written language; writing as process andwriting as product; the generic structure of texts; differences betweenskilled and unskilled writers; writing classrooms and materials;investigating writing development. Part 6 Mastering the sounds of thelanguage: a contrastive approach to pronunciation; recent theory andresearch; pronunciation in practice; investigating pronunciation. Part7 Vocabulary: the status of vacabulary in the curriculum; word listsand frequency counts; vocabulary and context; vocabulary developmentand second language acquisition; semantic networks and features; memoryand vocabulary development; investigating the teaching and learning ofvocabulary. Part 8 Focus on form - the role of grammar: the"traditional" language classroom; second language acquisition researchand its influence on practice; grammatical consciousness-raising;pedagogic materials and techniques for teaching grammar; investigatingthe teaching and learning of grammar. Part 9 Focus on the learner -learning styles and strategies: research into learning styles andstrategies; the "good" language learner; a learner-centred approach tolanguage teaching; learning strategies in the classroom; investigatinglearning strategy preferences. Part 10 Focus on the teacher - classroommanagement and interaction: amount and type of teacher talk; teacherquestions; feedback on learner performance; classroom management inaction; investigating teacher talk. Part 11 Materials development;commercial materials; research on materials in use; materials andmethods; materials design; materials adaptation; investigatingmaterials. Part 12 Language teaching methods - a critical analysis: thepsychological tradition; the humanistic tradition; the second languageacquisition tradition; investigating methods.