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目次

HOW LANGUAGES ARE LEARNED, SECOND EDITION; CONTENTS; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;INTRODUCTION; 1 LEARNING A FIRST LANGUAGE; Milestones and patterns indevelopment; Early childhood bilingualism; Developmental sequences;Summary; Theoretical approaches to explaining first language learning;Behaviourism: Say what I say; Activity: Analysing children's speech;Innatism: It's all in your mind; The interactionist position: A littlehelp from my friends; Summary; 2 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO EXPLAININGSECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING; Activity: Learner problems; Behaviourism;Innatism; Universal Grammar; Krashen's 'monitor model'; Recentpsychological theories; Information processing; Connectionism; Theinteractionist position; Summary; 3 FACTORS AFFECTING SECOND LANGUAGELEARNING; Activity: Characteristics of the 'good language learner';Research on learner characteristics; Intelligence; Aptitude;Personality; Motivation and attitudes; Learner preferences; Learnerbeliefs; Age of acquisition; Activity: Comparing child, adolescent, andadult language learners; Summary; 4 LEARNER LANGUAGE; The concept oflearner language; Activity: The Great Toy Robbery; Developmentalsequences; Grammatical morphemes; Negation; Questions; Activity:Learners' questions; Activity: More about questions; Relative clauses;Reference to past; Movement through developmental sequences; New waysof looking at rst language influence; Summary; 5 OBSERVING SECONDLANGUAGE TEACHING; Comparing instructional and natural settings forlanguage learning; Activity: Natural and instructional settings;Activity: Classroom comparisons: teacher-student interactions;Classroom observation schemes; Activity: Observing the kinds ofquestions you ask your students; Feedback in the classroom; Activity:Analysing classroom interaction; Summary of transcripts; Activity:Observing how you respond to students' errors; Summary; 6 SECONDLANGUAGE LEARNING IN THE CLASSROOM FIVE PROPOSALS FOR CLASSROOMTEACHING; The implications of classroom research for teaching; Summary;7 POPULAR IDEAS ABOUT LANGUAGE LEARNING: FACTS AND OPINIONS;CONCLUSION; GLOSSARY; BIBLIOGRAPHY; INDEX