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List of illustrations; Acknowledgements; Note on spelling; Preface;PART ONE: PRACTICAL LANGUAGE TEACHING TO 1800; 1. The early years; 2.'Refugiate in a strange country': the refugee language teachersinElizabethan London; 3. Towards 'The great and common world'; 4. GuyMiege and the second Huguenot exile; 5. The spread of English languageteaching in Europe; PART TWO: ON 'FIXING' THE LANGUAGE; 6.Introduction; 7. Two proposals for orthographical reform in thesixteenth century; The work of John Hart, Chester Herald; RichardMulcaster's Elementarie; 8. Early pedagogical grammars of English forforeign learners; Ben Jonson's English Grammar; John Wallis'sGrammatica Linguae Anglicanae; 9. 'Things, words, and notions'; 10. Thelanguage 'fixed'; Latin Schools and English Schools; Swift's Proposalfor a British Academy; Towards Standard English; PART THREE: LANGUAGETEACHING IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY; OVERVIEW; 11. Thegrammar-translation method; Introduction; The grammar-translationmethod and the schools: some Anglo-Germancontrasts; Thegrammar-translation method and adult language teaching: the'practicalapproach' of Ahn and Ollendorff; 12. Individual reformers; Overview;'All is in all': Jean Joseph Jacotot; The Rational Method of ClaudeMarcel; Thomas Prendergast's 'Mastery System'; Francois Gouin and the'Series'; 13. The Reform Movement; Introduction; The principles ofreform; The Klinghardt experiment; The role of phonetics; The work ofHenry Sweet: an applied linguistic approach; 14. Natural methods oflanguage teaching from Montaigne to Berlitz; PART FOUR: THE MAKING OF APROFESSION; SECTION 1 Overview of English language teaching since 1900;15. The teaching of English as a foreign or second language since 1900:a survey; Laying the foundations (1900-1922); Research and development(1922-1939); Consolidation (1945-1960); Change and variation since1960; SECTION 2 Essays in the history of English language teachingsince 1900; 16. Harold E Palmer; Palmer's life and work; Palmer'smethodology; 17. Choosing the right words; Michael West and the NewMethod; The Basic issue; Carnegie and after; 18. Old patterns and newdirections; A S Hornby and the post-war consensus; The impact ofapplied linguistics; The notion of communication; Epilogue; On rationaland natural approaches to language teaching; A chronology of Englishlanguage teaching; Biographical notes; Appendix; 'Language teachingmust start afresh!' A translation of WilhelmVietor's DerSprachunterricht muss umkehren!; Bibliography!; Index