内容

目次

Each chapter opens with "Preview" and closes with "Conclusion." 1.Introduction. Introduction. Philosophy. Rene Descartes David Hume ImmanuelKant. Experimental Psychology. Psychophysics Structuralism andAssociationism Behaviorism Gestalt Psychology Forerunners of InformationProcessing. Linguistics. Computer Science. A Powerful Analogy. Theoriesand Methods in Cognitive Psychology. General Assumptions and Issues isCognitive Psychology Methods in Cognitive Psychology: The Experiment ComputerSimulation. Preview of Chapters. 2. Cognitive Neuroscience. Introduction.Research Methods in Neuroscience. Imaging Methods Event-Related PotentialsPopulation and Case Studies. Neurons and Neural Circuits. Neurons NeuralCircuits, Neural Plasticity, and Learning. The Brain. Major BrianStructures The Sensory Systems The Visual System. 3. Attention.Introduction. Detection and Sensory Processes. Psychophysical MethodsTheory of Signal Detection Early Visual Processing Early Auditory Processing.Filtering. Search--Attracting Attention. Visual and Memory SearchAutomatic and Controlled Processes Feature Integration Theory SpatialAttention. Doing Two Things at Once: The Dual-Task Paradigm. Allocation ofResources Interference in the Stroop Task. 4. Recognition and Action.Introduction. Recognition. Computer Vision. Human Pattern Recognition: TheCase of Letters. Recognizing Speech Sounds. Word Recognition. ShapeRecognition. Perceiving Events. Action. Physiology of MovementPsychological Control of Motor Behavior Acquiring Motor Skills. 5.Representation of Knowledge: Declarative and Procedural Knowledge.Introduction. Declarative Knowledge. Concepts Events Visual Imagery MentalModels. Procedural Knowledge. Representation of Procedural Knowledge A CaseStudy: Adding Two Numbers Acquisition of Procedural Knowledge. SymbolicArchitectures of Cognition. 6. Knowledge Representation: Neural Networks.Introduction. Neural Net Components. Determining Activation: The ActivationRule. Putting the Activation Rule to Work: Examples. DistributedRepresentation. Example 1: Representation of Animals Example 2:Representation of Letters Example 3: Input/Output Mapping in a Robot.Retrieval from Neural Nets. Learning in Neural Networks. Hebbian LearningThe Delta Procedure: Learning through Error Correction BackpropogationLearning Other Types of Networks. Evaluating the Neural Network Approach.Appendix--A Close-up of Backpropogation Learning. 7. Learning and Memory.Introduction. Does the Study of Animal Learning Teach Us Anything aboutHuman Learning? Relation Between Animal and Human Learning Research Learningand Information Processing. Learning. Two Paradigms of Animal LearningBasic Learning Phenomena Issues in Learning Theories Applications ofAssociative Learning Learning in Natural Environments NonassociativeLearning. Memory. Hermann Ebbinghaus Causes of Forgetting: Disease versusInterference Associationism: Review and Outlook Constructive Memory EarlyInformation --Processing Theories and the Two-Store Model of Memory TheAtkinson and Shiffrin Theory of Memory Critics of the Two-Store Model. 8.Working Memory. Introduction. Multiple-Component Model. Phonological LeapVisuo-Spatial Sketch Pad Central Executive. Mental Processes in WorkingMemory. Problem Solving Storage versus Computation Language ComprehensionSearch in Working Memory. Expanding Your Working Memory: Long-Term WorkingMemory. Digit Span Remembering 20 Restaurant Orders Memory for Chess.Dynamic Processing in Working Memory. Activation in Working Memory TrackingMental Work On-Line. Individual Differences in Working Memory. 9.Long-Term Memory. Introduction. Dimensions of Memory. List Learning.Basic Retention Results SAM: A Framework of Retention. Memory for MeaningfulMaterials. Memory and Meaning. Failing to Remember and What to Do about It.Some Cases of Forgetting Coping with Poor Memory Exceptional MemoriesImproving One's Memory--Lessons from Cognitive Psychology. Implicit Memory.Facilitation Rule Learning. Clinical Study of Memory. Amnesia Alzheimer'sDisease. 10. Language: Structure and Meaning. Introduction. Sentences.Syntactic Rules and Principles Representing the Meaning of Sentences. Words.Morphology Syntactic Information The Meaning of Words. Phonology: The Soundof Language. Phonological Rules Phonemes. 11. Language Comprehension.Introduction. Word-Level Processes. Encoding and Lexical Access.Sentence-Level Processes. Parsing Strategies. Neurolinguistics: Languageand the Brain. The Geschwind-Wernicke Model Revising the Geschwind-WernickeModel Electrical Stimulation Mapping Cerebral Blood Flow in Comprehension.Computational Approaches. Augmented Transition Networks (ATNs) ConnectionistParsing. 12. Reading and Writing. Reading. Introduction The Text BaseProcessing of Texts Causal Links in Texts Special Issues in Reading.Writing. Introduction The Environment: Writing Goals and the Audience TheWriter Writing Processes Issues on Writing. 13. Cognitive Skills: ProblemSolving. Introduction. A List of Problems. Knowledge-Lean Problems.Heuristic Search The Means-Ends Strategy Analogies. Knowledge-Rich Problems.Mathematics Computer Programming A Case Study from Political ScienceAdversarial Problems. Changes in Problem-Solving Skills. DevelopmentalChanges Improving Your Problem-Solving Skills. Appendix. 14. Reasoning andChoice. Introduction. Do People Reason Logically? Inductive Reasoning.Series Completion Concept Learning Applications of Category Learning.Creativity and Discovery. Kepler's Third Law: A Case Study of ScientificDiscovery BACON Discovers Kepler's Law Expertise and Creativity. Judgmentand Choice. Reasoning about Probabilities Choice Improving Judgment andDecision Making. 15. Applications of Cognitive Psychology. Introduction.Cognitive Engineering. Assessing Workload Typewriters and TypingCompatibility Computer Human Interaction Learning Computer Languages TheFuture of Cognitive Engineering. Cognition and Education. Beginning ReadingInstruction Teaching Problem-Solving Skills Remembering Skills andInformation for the Long Haul. Cognitive Psychology and the Law.Suggestibility and Eyewitness Testimony Memory Enhancement. CognitiveImpairment: Diagnosis and Rehabilitation. Implications for DiagnosisImplications for Rehabilitation. The Great Debate: Is Applied CognitivePsychology for Real? References. Name Index. Subject Index.