内容

目次

1. Tissue Iron and an Overview on Nonheme Iron Biochemistry.- 1.1 Introduction to Iron Metabolism.- 1.2 Historical Sketch of Iron Biology.- 1.3 Some Quantitative Data on Iron Distribution in Various Life Forms.- 1.4 Iron Determination in Biological Systems.- Summary.- References.- 2. Ferrokinetics.- 2.1 Classical Approach to Ferrokinetics.- 2.2 Compartment Models.- 2.3 Approaches to Ferrokinetics Based on the Probability Theory.- Summary.- List of Additional Abbreviations Used in Chapter 2.- References.- 3. Absorption of Nonheme Iron.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.1.1 Quantitative Significance of Iron in the Body.- 3.1.2 Heme Iron.- 3.1.3 Nonheme Iron.- 3.2 Techniques of Measuring Absorption.- 3.2.1 Methods Using Stable Iron.- 3.2.2 Methods Using Radioiron.- 3.2.3 In Vitro Measurements.- 3.2.4 Administration of Dose.- 3.3 Mechanism of Iron Absorption.- 3.3.1 Role of the Stomach.- 3.3.2 Role of Bile.- 3.3.3 Role of the Pancreas.- 3.3.4 Role of the Intestine.- 3.4 Corporal Factors Affecting Iron Absorption.- 3.4.1 Physiological States.- 3.4.2 Iron Absorption during Disease.- 3.5 Intraluminal Factors Affecting Iron Absorption.- 3.5.1 Macronutrients.- 3.5.2 Micronutrients.- 3.5.3 Complexing Agents.- 3.5.4 Fortification Iron.- 3.6 Mucosal Factors Affecting Iron Absorption.- 3.7 Regulation of Iron Absorption.- 3.8 Groups at Risk.- 3.9 Fortification.- Summary.- References.- 4. Chemistry and Metabolism of the Transferrins.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The Levels of Transferrins in Biological Fluids.- 4.3 Isolation of the Transferrins.- 4.4 Physical Properties of the Transferrins.- 4.4.1 Hydrodynamic Parameters, Molecular Weights, and X-Ray Diffraction.- 4.4.2 Denaturation of the Transferrins.- 4.4.3 Quaternary Structure of the Transferrins.- 4.4.4 Secondary Structure of the Transferrins.- 4.5 Metal-Binding Properties of the Transferrins.- 4.5.1 Metal Ions that Are Bound by the Transferrins.- 4.5.2 The Binding of “Synergistic” Anions by the Transferrins.- 4.5.3 The Reaction of Iron with the Transferrins.- 4.5.4 Are the Two Iron-Binding Sites of the Transferrins Identical?.- 4.6 Distribution of Iron in Human Serum Transferrin in Vivo.- 4.7 Some Gross Differences between Iron-Free and Iron-Saturated Transferrins.- 4.8 The Iron-Binding Ligands of the Transferrins.- 4.9 Primary Structure of the Transferrins.- 4.9.1 Structure and Significance of the Carbohydrate Moiety of the Transferrins.- 4.9.2 Cyanogen Bromide Fragmentation of the Transferrins.- 4.9.3 Amino Acid Sequences of Cyanogen Bromide Fragments of Human Serotransferrin.- 4.9.4 Fragments of the Transferrins Containing a Single Iron-Binding Site.- 4.10 Microheterogeneity of the Transferrins.- 4.11 Metabolism of the Transferrins.- Summary.- References.- 5. Chemistry and Biology of Iron Storage.- 5.1 Distribution of Ferritin and Hemosiderin.- 5.2 Isolation of Ferritin.- 5.3 Physical-Chemical Properties of the Ferritins.- 5.3.1 Gross Structure of Ferritin.- 5.3.2 Molecular Weight of Ferritin and Apoferritin.- 5.3.3 Subunits of the Ferritins.- 5.3.4 Distribution of Iron among Ferritin Oligomers and Isoferritins.- 5.3.5 Composition and Primary Structure of the Ferritins.- 5.3.6 Secondary and Tertiary Structure of Ferritin Subunits.- 5.4 Metabolism of Ferritin.- 5.5 Iron Uptake and Release by Ferritin and Apoferritin.- 5.6 Ferritin and Tissue Iron Metabolism.- 5.6.1 Iron Metabolism in the Liver.- 5.6.2 Iron Metabolism in the Reticuloendothelial System.- 5.6.3 Iron Overload.- 5.6.4 Serum Ferritin.- 5.6.5 Intestinal Mucosal Cells and Iron Metabolism.- Summary.- References.- 6. The Interaction of Nonheme Iron with Immature Red Cells.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Early Investigations on Serotransferrin-Immature Red Cell Interactions.- 6.3 The Mechanism of Serotransferrin-Immature Red Cell Interaction.- 6.4 Molecular Properties of Serotransferrin and its Effect on the Interaction with Immature Red Cells.- 6.5 Transferrin Receptors in the Immature Red Cells.- 6.6 Iron Removal from Serotransferrin.- Summary.- References.- 7. Microbial Iron Uptake and the Antimicrobial Properties of the Transferrins.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Structure of Siderophores.- 7.2.1 Catechol-like Siderophores.- 7.2.2 Hydroxamate-like Siderophores.- 7.3 Chemical and Physical Properties of the Siderophores.- 7.4 Metabolism and Biological Properties of the Siderophores.- 7.4.1 Biosynthesis of Siderophores.- 7.4.2 Mode of Iron Delivery to Microbial Cells by Siderophores.- 7.4.3 Energy Requirements during Iron Uptake by Microorganisms.- 7.4.4 Control of Siderophore Biosynthesis.- 7.5 Siderophores of Mammalian Origin.- 7.6 Iron Chelators in Clinical Practice.- 7.7 Antimicrobial Properties of the Transferrins.- 7.7.1 In Vitro Effects of Transferrins on Microbial Growth.- 7.7.2 Iron Status and Infection in Whole Organisms.- 7.7.3 Lactoferrin and Protection of the Breast-Fed Infant against Digestive and Systemic Disease.- Summary.- References.- 8. The Iron-Sulfur Proteins.- 8.1 Introduction and Classification.- 8.2 Rubredoxins.- 8.3 Ferredoxins.- 8.3.1 Plant-Type Ferredoxins (Two-Iron Clusters).- 8.3.2 Bacterial-Type Ferredoxins Containing Two Four-Iron Clusters.- 8.3.3 Bacterial Ferredoxins with One Four-Iron Cluster.- 8.3.4 Removal of Iron Clusters from Ferredoxins.- 8.3.5 Functions of Bacterial Ferredoxins.- 8.3.6 Evolution of Ferredoxins.- 8.4 Iron-Sulfur Proteins and Nitrogen Fixation.- 8.5 Iron-Sulfur Proteins of Mammalian Electron Transport Mechanisms.- 8.5.1 Adrenodoxin and the Biosynthesis of Steroid Hormones.- 8.5.2 Hydroxylation of 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol.- 8.5.3 Iron-Sulfur Centers in the Oxidative Phosphorylation Pathway.- 8.6 Miscellaneous Iron-Sulfur Proteins.- Summary.- References.- 9. Miscellaneous Aspects of Iron Metabolism.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Phosvitin, an Egg Iron-Binding Phosphoprotein.- 9.3 The Oxygenases.- 9.3.1 Phenylalanine Hydroxylase.- 9.3.2 Tyrosine and Tryptophan Hydroxylases.- 9.3.3 Pyrocatechase (Catechol-1, 2-dioxygenase).- 9.3.4 Protocatechuate-3, 4-dioxygenase.- 9.3.5 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase.- 9.3.6 Proline Hydroxylase.- 9.4 Hemerythrins.- 9.5 Iron Bacteria.- 9.6 Metalloserotransferrin as a Lymphocyte Growth Promoter.- Summary.- References.- Suggested Reading.