内容

目次

1. Basic Stellar Data.- 1.1 Stellar Distances. Magnitudes.- 1.1.1 Primary Distance-Determination Methods.- 1.1.2 Secondary Distance-Determination Methods.- 1.1.3 The Magnitude Scale.- 1.1.4 Spectroscopic or Photometric Parallaxes.- 1.1.5 The Importance of Stellar Distance Determinations.- 1.2 Stellar Spectra.- 1.2.1 Continuum Spectrum of a Star.- 1.2.2 Line Spectra: Spectral Classification.- 1.2.3 Spectral-Line Analysis.- 1.3 Stellar Radii.- 1.3.1 Direct Measurement of the Radius.- 1.3.2 Radii of Eclipsing Binary Stars.- 1.3.3 Indirect Radius Determinations: The Infrared-Flux Method.- 1.3.4 Other Radius-Determination Methods.- 1.4 The Hertzsprung—Russell Diagram.- 1.4.1 The HR Diagram of Open Clusters.- 1.4.2 The HR Diagram of a Globular Cluster.- 1.4.3 Determination of Mv Revisited.- 1.5 Stellar Masses.- 1.5.1 Direct Mass Determination.- 1.5.2 The Mass—Luminosity Relation.- 1.6 Stellar Populations.- 1.6.1 Introduction.- 1.6.2 Defining Criteria for Stellar Populations.- 2. The Sun: The Nearest Star.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Models of the Solar Atmosphere.- 2.2.1 The Different Regions of an Atmosphere.- 2.2.2 Models of the Mean Solar Atmosphere.- 2.2.3 Radiative Losses.- 2.3 The Chemical Composition of the Solar Atmosphere.- 2.3.1 Methods of Finding Abundances.- 2.3.2 Results for the Solar Photosphere.- 2.3.3 Further Remarks.- 2.4 Fine Structure of the Quiet Solar Atmosphere.- 2.4.1 The Quiet Photosphere.- 2.4.2 The Quiet Chromosphere.- 2.4.3 The Quiet Transition Region.- 2.4.4 The Quiet Corona.- 2.5 Resolved Structure in the Active Sun.- 2.5.1 Sunspots and Active Regions.- 2.5.2 Prominences.- 2.5.3 Coronal Holes.- 2.5.4 Coronal Bright Points.- 2.6 Remarks.- 3. Stellar Evolution.- 3.1 Basic Internal Structure.- 3.1.1 Basic Observational Data.- 3.1.2 Basic Equations.- 3.1.3 Comparison with Observation.- 3.2 First Approximations: Orders of Magnitude.- 3.2.1 Polytropes.- 3.2.2 The Vogt—Russell Theorem.- 3.3 Stellar Structure: Basic Physics.- 3.3.1 The Equation of State.- 3.3.2 Opacity and Thermal Conductivity.- 3.3.3 Thermonuclear Reactions.- 3.3.4 Convection.- 3.4 Stellar Structure.- 3.4.1 Thermonuclear Reactions.- 3.4.2 The Nuclear Timescale.- 3.4.3 Homology.- 3.4.4 The Mass—Luminosity Relation.- 3.4.5 White Dwarfs.- 3.5 Stellar Evolution (The Standard Model).- 3.5.1 The Beginning of Stellar Evolution.- 3.6 The Sun.- 3.6.1 The Basic Model.- 3.6.2 Solar Neutrinos.- 3.6.3 The Solar-Neutrino Deficit.- 3.7 Evolution with Mass Loss.- 3.7.1 The Age of Globular Clusters.- 3.7.2 Intermediate-Mass Stars of Population I.- 3.7.3 Massive Stars (M ? 8M?).- 3.8 Evolution of Binary Stars.- 3.8.1 Introduction.- 3.8.2 Structure of Stars in Binaries.- 3.8.3 Mass Transfer.- 3.9 Evolution to the Main Sequence.- 4 Mass Loss and Stellar Winds.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Observational Data: General Remarks.- 4.3 Direct Data on Winds.- 4.3.1 The Sun.- 4.3.2 Red and Yellow Giants and Supergiants.- 4.3.3 Hot Stars (O, B, WR).- 4.3.4 Interpolation.- 4.4 Indirect Data on Winds.- 4.4.1 White Dwarfs.- 4.4.2 Supernovae.- 4.5 Generation of Mass Loss.- 4.5.1 The Sonic Point.- 4.5.2 Energy Constraints.- 4.5.3 Constraints on the Momentum.- 4.5.4 Driving Mechanisms.- 4.6 Heating Mechanisms.- 4.6.1 The Solar Wind.- 5. Hydrodynamics of the Stellar Interior: Convection and Rotation.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Convection.- 5.2.1 Physical Preliminaries.- 5.2.2 Modal Theory.- 5.3 The Theory of Convection Zones.- 5.3.1 Elementary Treatment of Convection.- 5.3.2 The Convective Regime.- 5.3.3 Convective Overshooting.- 5.3.4 Semi-convection.- 5.4 Circulation and Rotation.- 5.4.1 Von Zeipel’s Theorem.- 5.4.2 Circulation.- 5.4.3 Validity of the Assumptions.- 5.4.4 The Classical Solution (Sweet 1950).- 5.4.5 ? Currents and ? Currents.- 5.4.6 Instabilities.- 5.4.7 Stabilisation by a ? Gradient.- 5.4.8 Turbulence and Mixing.- 5.4.9 The Dynamo Effect.- 5.5 Observations and Interpretation.- 5.5.1 The Solar Granulation.- 5.5.2 Solar and Stellar Activity.- 5.5.3 Abundance of Trace Elements: Gravitational and Radiative Separation.- 5.5.4 Abundance of Trace Elements: Lithium Burning.- 5.5.5 Abundance of Trace Elements: Formation of the 13C Isotope.- 6. Variable Stars.- 6.1 Classification of Variable Stars.- 6.1.1 Inventory.- 6.1.2 Periodic Variables.- 6.1.3 Irregular or Semi-regular Variables.- 6.1.4 ? CMa Stars.- 6.1.5 Main-Sequence Stars.- 6.2 Periodic Pulsating Variables (RR Lyrae, Cepheids, Miras).- 6.2.1 Radial Velocity, the Light Curve.- 6.2.2 Phase Lag and the Cause of the Instability.- 6.2.3 The Period—Luminosity Relation.- 6.2.4 The First Harmonic and the Structure Parameter..- 6.2.5 The Red Edge of the Instability Strip.- 6.2.6 Masses of Pulsating Stars (Cepheids, RR Lyrae).- 6.2.7 Long-Period or Red Variables.- 6.2.8 ? Scuti Stars.- 6.3 Other Variables.- 6.3.1 ? CMa Stars.- 6.3.2 White Dwarfs.- 6.4 Variable Stars and Dynamical Systems.- 6.4.1 Variable Stars as Dynamical Systems.- 6.4.2 The One-Zone Model.- 6.4.3 The Moore—Spiegel Model (1966).- 6.4.4 A Schematic Red Variable.- 6.4.5 n-Zone Models.- 6.4.6 White Dwarfs of ZZ Ceti Type.- 6.5 Non-radial Oscillations.- 6.5.1 Modes of Oscillation.- 6.5.2 Observational Data.- 6.5.3 The Linear Theory of Non-radial Oscillations.- 7. Solar and Stellar Activity.- 7.1 Indicators of Activity.- 7.1.1 Sunspots and Starspots.- 7.1.2 Spectroscopic Activity Criteria in the Visible and Ultraviolet.- 7.1.3 X-rays.- 7.1.4 Radio Emission.- 7.2 Timescales of Magnetic Variability of the Sun and Stars.- 7.2.1 Rotational Modulation of Activity Indicators.- 7.2.2 Stellar Activity Cycles.- 7.3 Solar and Stellar Flares.- 7.3.1 Solar Flares.- 7.3.2 Stellar Flares.- 7.4 Stellar Magnetic Fields.- 7.4.1 Direct Measurements of the Magnetic Field.- 7.4.2 Indirect Methods of Measuring the Magnetic Field.- 7.4.3 Other Approaches.- 7.4.4 Sizes of Stellar Active Regions.- 7.5 Sources of Stellar Activity: Convection, Rotation, Primordial Fields (Empirical Aspects).- 7.5.1 Activity Indicators on the HR Diagram.- 7.5.2 Parameters Influencing Stellar Activity.- 8. The Last Stages of Stellar Evolution.- 8.1 Minimum-Energy States.- 8.2 The Physics of Minimum-Energy States.- 8.2.1 The Equation of State (T = 0).- 8.2.2 The Equation of State for T ? 0.- 8.2.3 Maximum Mass of White Dwarfs.- 8.2.4 The Maximum Mass of Neutron Stars.- 8.3 White Dwarfs.- 8.3.1 Properties.- 8.3.2 Evolution and Cooling.- 8.3.3 White Dwarfs in Binaries.- 8.3.4 Supernovae and White Dwarfs.- 8.4 Neutron Stars.- 8.4.1 Structure.- 8.4.2 Pulsars.- 8.4.3 Gamma-Ray Bursts.- 8.4.4 X-ray Sources.- 8.5 Type II Supernovae.- 8.5.1 Pre-supernova Models.- 8.5.2 Collapse.- 8.5.3 Supernova 1987A.