目次

Part I. Fertilizers. 1. Fertilizer and Energy Use (M.S. Mudahar, T.P.Hignett). Energy and fertilizer linkage. Plant nutrition. Chemicalfertilizer. Energy input in the fertilizer sector. Evolution of fertilizerconsumption. Regional pattern of fertilizer use. Energy consumption in theform of fertilizer. Fertilizer and energy use by crops. Energy and fertilizeruse efficiency. 2. Energy Requirements, Technology, and Resources in theFertilizer Sector (M.S. Mudahar, T.P. Highnett). Fertilizers and fertilizertechnology. Fertilizer raw materials and reserves. Pattern of fertilizerproduction and trade. Measurement of energy requirements. Energy use inproduction of nitrogen fertilizers. Energy use in production of phosphatefertilizers. Energy use in production of potash fertilizers. Energy use inproduction of NPK fertilizers. Energy use in production of secondarynutrients. Energy use in production of micronutrients. Energy estimates forpotential new fertilizers. Energy use in fertilizer granulation. Energy usein packaging, transportation, and application. 3. Legume Nitrogen: SymbioticFixation and Recovery by Subsequent Crops (G.H. Heichel). Legume N 2 fixationin cropping systems. Constraints to substitution of legume for fertilizer N.Synthesis. 4. Organic Materials as Alternative Nutrient Sources (J.F. Parr,D. Colacicco). Inventories of organic materials. Nutrient content of organicmaterials. Value of organic materials as fertilizers and soil conditioners.Use as fertilizers and soil conditioners. Special management practices forutilization of organic wastes on land. Composting to enhance the usefulnessand acceptability of organic wastes. Organic materials and energyrelationships. 5. Conservation of Nutrients (D.D. Buchhloz, L.S. Murphy).Soil erosion and nutrient losses. Evaluating nutrient status forconservation. Fertilizer management for conservation. 6. Energy Efficiency,Economics, and Policy in the Fertilizer Sector (M.S. Mudahar, T.P. Hignett).Energy and fertilizer prices. Economic importance of improving energyefficiency. Energy efficiency in nitrogen fertilizer production. Energyefficiency in phosphate fertilizer production. Energy efficiency in potashproduction. Energy and large versus small fertilizer plants. Energyefficiency in fertilizer marketing. Energy efficiency in fertilizer use.Economic impact of improvement in energy efficiency. Energy efficiency andgovernment policy. Part II. Pesticides. 7. Energy in Pesticide Manufacture,Distribution and Use (M.B. Green). Manufacture of active ingredient.Formulation. Packaging and distribution. Application. Total energy per area.Relationship of pesticide energies to total energy in the United States andother countries. Alternatives to the use of pesticides. Cost/benefit ratio.Efficiencies. 8. Pesticide Use (Z.R. Helsel). Pesticide use in the world.Pesticide use in the U.S.A. 9. Alternative Pest Management Practices (M.Barrett, W.W. Witt). Cultural practices.