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Preface ix Contributors xi Ground Water Acid Mine Drainage: Sources and Treatment in the United States 1 Aquifers 9 Artificial Recharge of Unconfined Aquifer 11 Groundwater and Arsenic: Chemical Behavior and Treatment 17 Treatment of Arsenic, Chromium, and Biofouling in Water Supply Wells 22 Artesian Water 29 Modeling Contaminant Transport and Biodegradation in Groundwater 30 Biofouling in Water Wells 35 In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Groundwater 38 Process Limitations of In Situ Bioremediation of Groundwater 42 Black Mesa Monitoring Program 48 Brine Deposits 51 Connate Water 54 Consolidated Water Bearing Rocks 55 Sensitivity of Groundwater to Contamination 56 Water Contamination by Low Level Organic Waste Compounds in the Hydrologic System 60 Darcy???s Law 63 Groundwater Dating with Radiocarbon 64 Groundwater Dating with H???He 65 Dating Groundwaters with Tritium 69 Recharge in Desert Regions Around The World 72 Hydrologic Feasibility Assessment and Design in Phytoremediation 76 Well Design and Construction 87 Physical Properties of DNAPLs and Groundwater Contamination 91 Water Dowsing (Witching) 92 Subsurface Drainage 94 Drawdown 101 Water Level Drawdown 102 Water Well Drilling Techniques 105 Groundwater Dye Tracing in Karst 107 Earthquakes???Rattling the Earth???s Plumbing System 111 In Situ Electrokinetic Treatment of MtBE, Benzene, and Chlorinated Solvents 116 Field Capacity 124 Groundwater Flow Properties 128 Fluoride Contamination in Ground Water 130 Rock Fracture 136 Geochemical Models 138 Geochemical Modeling–Computer Codes 140 Geochemical Modeling???Computer Code Concepts 142 Geological Occurrence of Groundwater 145 Geophysics and Remote Sensing 145 Geothermal Water 156 Ghijben???Herzberg Equilibrium 158 Groundwater Balance 162 Hydraulic Head 169 The Role of Heat in Groundwater Systems 172 Groundwater Flow in Heterogenetic Sediments and Fractured Rock Systems 175 Horizontal Wells 177 Horizontal Wells in Groundwater Remediation 178 Head 180 Well Hydraulics and Aquifer Tests 182 Hydraulic Properties Characterization 184 Mobility of Humic Substances in Groundwater 188 Assessment of Groundwater Quality in District Hardwar, Uttaranchal, India 192 Irrigation Water Quality in District Hardwar, Uttaranchal, India 204 Infiltration and Soil Water Processes 210 Infiltration/Capacity/Rates 212 Infiltrometers 214 Summary of Isotopes in Contaminant Hydrogeology 216 Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology 227 Water–Jetting Drilling Technologies for Well Installation And In Situ Remediation of Hydrocarbons, Solvents, and Metals 234 Karst Hydrology 235 Karst Topography 243 Detecting Modern Groundwaters with 85Kr 248 Land Use Impacts on Groundwater Quality 250 Groundwater Contamination From Municipal Landfills in the USA 253 Metal Organic Interactions in Subtitle D Landfill Leachates and Associated Ground Waters 258 Leaching 260 Well Maintenance 263 Megawatersheds 266 Mass Transport in Saturated Media 273 Soil and Water Contamination by Heavy Metals 275 Source, Mobility, and Remediation of Metals 280 Genetics of Metal Tolerance and Accumulation in Higher Plants 284 In Situ Groundwater Remediation for Heavy Metal Contamination 290 Methane in Groundwater 293 Fossil Aquifers 294 What is a Hydrochemical Model? 295 Modeling Non–Point Source Pollutants in the Vadose Zone Using GIS 299 Modeling Techniques for Solute Transport in Groundwater 305 Ambient Groundwater Monitoring Network Strategies and Design 313 Limiting Geochemical Factors in Remediation Using Monitored Natural Attenuation and Enhanced Bioremediation 319 Nitrate Contamination of Groundwater 322 Treatment for Nitrates in Groundwater 323 Nonpoint Sources 331 Organic Compounds in Ground Water 337 Overdraft 340 Chemical Oxidation Technologies for Groundwater Remediation 344 Particulate Transport in Groundwater???Bacteria and Colloids 349 Perched Groundwater 352 Permeability 355 Groundwater Vulnerability to Pesticides: An Overview of Approaches and Methods of Evaluation 357 High pH Groundwater???The Effect of The Dissolution of Hardened Cement Pastes 362 Phytoextraction and Phytostabilization: Technical, Economic and Regulatory Considerations of the Soil–Lead Issue 365 Phytoextraction of Zinc and Cadmium from Soils Using Hyperaccumulator Plants 369 Phytoremediation Enhancement of Natural Attenuation Processes 374 Bacteria Role in the Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals 376 Phytoremediation of Lead–Contaminated Soils 381 Phytoremediation of Methyl Tertiary–Butyl Ether 385 Phytoremediation of Selenium–Laden Soils 397 Soil Pipes and Pipe Flow 401 Low Flow Groundwater Purging and Surging 404 Groundwater Quality 406 Radial Wells 407 Recharge in Arid Regions 408 Sub–Surface Redox Chemistry: A Comparison of Equilibrium and Reaction–Based Approaches 413 Regional Flow Systems 417 Groundwater Remediation by Injection and Problem Prevention 421 Groundwater Remediation: In Situ Passive Methods 423 Groundwater Remediation by In Situ Aeration and Volatilization 426 Remediation of Contaminated Soils 432 Groundwater Remediation Project Life Cycle 436 Innovative Contaminated Groundwater Remediation Technologies 438 Resistivity Methods 443 Risk Analysis of Buried Wastes From Electricity Generation 448 Groundwater Contamination from Runoff 451 Saline Seep 453 Groundwater Sampling Techniques for Environmental Projects 454 Groundwater Sampling with Passive Diffusion Samplers 456 Specific Capacity 460 Soil Water 461 Soil and Groundwater Geochemistry and Microbiology 463 Characterizing Soil Spatial Variability 465 Deep Soil–Water Movement 471 Specific Gravity 473 Hot Springs 475 Squeezing Water from Rock 477 Storage Coefficient 480 Qanats: An Ingenious Sustainable Groundwater Resource System 483 Lysimeters 487 Steady–State Flow Aquifer Tests 491 Tidal Efficiency 497 Combined Free and Porous Flow in the Subsurface 498 Groundwater Tracing 501 Hydraulic Conductivity/Transmissibility 507 Groundwater Flow and Transport Process 514 Reactive Transport in The Saturated Zone: Case Histories for Permeable Reactive Barriers 518 Transport of Reactive Solute in Soil and Groundwater 524 Water in The Unsaturated Zone 531 Groundwater and Vadose Zone Hydrology 533 Vadose Zone Monitoring Techniques 538 Vapor Transport in the Unsaturated Zone 543 Applications of Soil Vapor Data to Groundwater Investigations 548 Groundwater Velocities 554 Viscous Flow 555 Vulnerability Mapping of Groundwater Resources 561 Water/Rocks Interaction 566 Ground Water: Wells 571 Well Screens 572 Well TEST 574 Safe Yield of an Aquifer 575 Specific Yield Storage Equation 576 Microbial Processes Affecting Monitored Natural Attenuation of Contaminants in the Subsurface 578 Groundwater Vulnerability to Pesticides: Statistical Approaches 594 Groundwater???Nature???s Hidden Treasure 599 Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams 605 The Environmental Impact of Iron in Groundwater 608 Groundwater and Cobalt: Chemical Behavior and Treatment 610 Groundwater and Cadmium: Chemical Behavior and Treatment 613 Groundwater Modeling 619 Groundwater and Benzene: Chemical Behavior and Treatment 626 Groundwater and Nitrate: Chemical Behavior and Treatment 628 Groundwater and Perchlorate: Chemical Behavior and Treatment 631 Groundwater and Vinyl Chloride: Chemical Behavior and Treatment 634 Groundwater and Uranium: Chemical Behavior and Treatment 640 Groundwater and Mercury: Chemical Behavior and Treatment 642 Groundwater and Lead: Chemical Behavior and Treatment 645 Laminar Flow 649 Finite Element Modeling of Coupled Free and Porous Flow 655 Unconfined Groundwater 662 Modeling of DNAPL Migration in Saturated Porous Media 668 The Use of Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) for Monitoring, Exposure, and Toxicity Assessment 672 River–Connected Aquifers: Geophysics, Stratigraphy, Hydrogeology, and Geochemistry 677 Index 689 Cumulative Index 711