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目次

1. Introduction and Historical Overview. Introduction. Memory Metaphors.Memory Methodology. Memory Terminology. A Short History. Antiquity and theMiddle Ages. The Beginning of Modern Psychology. ritish Empiricism andContinental Nativism. Scientific Psychology. Hermann Ebbinghaus. Experiment:The Forgetting Function. Research After Ebbinghaus. 2. Sensory Memory.Iconic Memory. Online Experiment: Partial Report Problems with Iconic Memory.Summary of Iconic Memory. Echoic Memory. Theories of Echoic Memory: PAS.Experiment: The stimulus suffix effect. Online Experiment: Suffix Effect.Other Theories of Echoic Memory. Summary of Iconic Memory. Odor Memory.Summary of Sensory Memory. 3. The Modal Model. Primary Memory. Broadbent'sModel. Online Experiment: Absolute Identification. Brown-Peterson. OnlineExperiment: Brown Peterson. Waugh and Norman's Model. Atkinson and Shiffrin'sModel. Online Experiment: Sternberg Memory Scanning. The Serial PositionCurve and the Modal Model. Online Experiment: Serial Position. Problems withthe Modal Model. Experiment: Recency Effects in Free Recall. Summary of theModal Model. 4. Working Memory. Baddeley's Working Memory. The PhonologicalLoop. Experiment: The Syllable-Based Word Length Effect. The Episodic Buffer.Critique of Working Memory. Online Experiment: Memory Span. Working Memory asActivation. The Embedded Processes Model. Working Memory Capacity. OnlineExperiment: Operation Span. The Feature Model. Simulations Using the FeatureModel. Critique of the Feature Model. Summary of Current Immediate MemoryTheories. 5. Perspectives on Processing. Levels of Processing. Experiment:Levels of Processing. Transfer Appropriate Processing. Organization andDistinctiveness. Encoding Specificity Principle. Online Experiment: EncodingSpecificity. Context and Memory. The Process Dissociation Framework. What isEncoded? Summary. 6. Forgetting. Consolidation Theory. Interference Theory.Decay versus Interference in Immediate Memory. Experiment: Buildup andRelease from PI. Relative Distinctiveness. Online Experiment: Von RestorffEffect. Any Evidence for Decay? Forgetting as Discrimination. 7. ImplicitMemory. Implicit Learning. Online Experiment: Implicit Learning. ExperimentalDissociations.Experiment: Priming Word Fragment Completion. TheoreticalAccounts of Implicit Memory. The Activation View. Multiple Memory Systems.Transfer Appropriate Processing. The Bias View.Comparing Bias, TAP, and theMultiple Systems Views. Summary. 8. Memory, the Brain, and Amnesia. TheNeuron. The Brain. Methods of Investigation. Invasive Techniques. NoninvasiveTechniques. Online Experiment: Brain Asymmetry. Experiment: Laterality ofLanguage. Amnesia. HM: A Case Study. Theoretical Accounts of Amnesia.Summary. Alzheimer's Disease. Box: How can I tell the difference betweenAlzheimer's Disease and normal aging? Box: What are the treatments forAlzheimer's Disease and are they effective? Summary. Multiple Sclerosis. TheFrontal Lobe. Where is Memory? 9. Recognition. Signal Detection Theory.Experiment: Recognition and Signal Detection Theory. Single Process Models.Generate-Recognize Models. Beyond Simple Generate-Recognize Models. Rememberversus Know. Online Experiment: Remember Know. Recollection versusFamiliarity. The Mirror Effect. Face Recognition. 10. Knowledge.Propositions and Concepts. Collins and Quillian's Hierarchical Model. TheFeature Overlap Model. Experiment: Typicality Effects and Inference. Collinsand Loftus' Spreading Activation Model. Knowing That You Don't Know. Priming.Online Experiment: Lexical Decision. Alternatives to Spreading Activation.Comparing Spreading Activation and Compound Cue Theory. How is Generic MemoryOrganized? Capacity and Acquisition. 11. Imagery. Analog versusPropositional Representations. The Dual-Task Method. Paivio's Dual-CodingTheory. Experiment: Dual Coding Theory. Mental Rotation. Online Experiment:Mental Rotation. Distinguishing Propositional from Analog Representation.Arguments Against Imagery. Imagery and Perception. Real versus ImaginedEvents. Eidetic Imagery. Other Forms of Imagery. Auditory Imagery. OdorImagery. 12. Reconstructive Processes. Schemas. Specific Schemas.Malleability of Generic Memory. Eyewitness Memory. Flashbulb Memories.Hypnosis and Memory. The Cognitive Interview. Implanting Memories.Experiment: Memory for words not presented. Online Experiment: False Memory.Recovered Memories. Memory Illusions. 13. When. Data to be Accounted For.Models that Don't Work. Perturbation Theory. Experiment: Memory for Position.The Inference Model of Memory for When. Item Versus Order Information. Modelsof Serial Order. 14. Developmental Changes in Memory. 15. Mnemonics. Can IImprove My Memory? The Bad News. The Good News. Online Experiment: Link Word.Technical Mnemonics. Experiment: Imagery and Mnemonics. Exceptional Memories.16. Supplement: Memory Models. SAM. Compound Cue Theory. Diffusion Model.MINERVA2. TODAM. Connectionist Models. Feature Model. 17. Appendix. Table A:Twenty-Four Nonsense Syllables (CVCs). Table B: Random Arrangements of theDigits 1-9. Table C: Ninety-six Two-Syllable Words. Table D: Eight Short andEight Long Words. Table E: Twenty-Five Common Two-Syllable Nouns. Table F:Thirty Two Consonant Trigrams. Table G: Fifty-Six Category Names. Table H:Sixty Word Fragments. Table I: Eighty Concrete and Eighty Abstract Words.