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Part 1 In search of the sign - an historical overview: the Saussurianbackground - linguistics and semiotics as separate disciplines, thehistorical connection between linguistics and semiotics, the sign-orientedapproach; sign versus sentence - "semiology" versus "semiotics", linguisticsas part of semiotics, a search for a sign-oriented method, defininglinguistic semiotically, defining the linguistic sign. Part 2 Invariance - anoverview: invariance and language synergy - defining language semiotically,defining language synergetically, meaning versus message, meaning versusmessage and function, language synergy from the sign-oriented approach, thesynergetic relationship between encoders and decoders, the synergeticrelationship between signals and meanings, the synergetic relationshipbetween lexicon and grammar; invariant meaning - variations on an invarianttheme - sign versus sentence-oriented definitions of language, invariance inlinguistic theory reviewed, invariance in Jakobsonian theory, invariance inGuillaumean theory, invariance in Diverian theory, the concept of grammaticalnumber, postulating invariant meanings for the dual number, the Jacobsonianapproach, the Guillaumean approach, the Diverian approach. Part 3 From signto system - markedness and distinctive feature theory: the dual number - tothe sign to system - the dual number - grammar or lexicon?, number systemsacross languages, the dual number in modern Hebrew, the distribution of thedual in the lexicon, the dual number and the communication factor, the dualnumber and the human factor, the interaction of the human and communicationfactors, the plural versus the dual in spoken and written discourse, thecreative use of the dual in a literary text; "If" versus "Whether" - dualityrevised - the non-synonymy hypothesis, the analysis - invariance andmarkedness, the data. Part 4 From sign to text: sign - system - context -text; working our way up; "Also" versus "Too" - the sign as a text - theproblem, the analysis - invariance and markedness, the data - "Alice inwonderland", the data - "Looking for Mr Goodbar, discussion and conclusion,the non-synonymy hypothesis, the non-homonymy hypothesis, word order andiconicity, other non-traditional approaches to the problem. Part 5 From textto sign: text - context - system - sign; working our way down; the Englishcomparative system - the text as sign - presenting the problem semiotically,traditional analyses of the problem, the data, the micro-level analysis, themacro-level analysis, "Curiouser and Curiouser" (Alice in the Wonderland),"Darlingest" (social disease), "Worse-worser-worst" (summer whine), thedistribution of the forms.