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Notes on the Contributors x Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 Alton Hornsby, Jr Part I Africa and Other Roots 3 1 Life and Work in West Africa 5 Augustine Konneh 2 Africans in Europe prior to the Atlantic Slave Trade 23 Maghan Keita 3 The African and European Slave Trades 48 Walter C. Rucker 4 Africans in the Caribbean and Latin America: The Post–Emancipation Diaspora 67 Frederick D. Opie Part II Africans in Early North America 87 5 Ethnicity, Nationality, and Race in Colonial America 89 Jeffrey Elton Anderson 6 Not Chattel, Not Free: Quasi–Free Blacks in the Colonial Era 105 Antonio F. Holland and Debra Foster Greene 7 Africans and Native Americans 121 Tiya Miles and Barbara Krauthamer Part III In the House of Bondage 141 8 Origins and Institutionalization of American Slavery 143 Jason R. Young 9 Labor in the Slave Community, 1700???1860 159 Frederick C. Knight 10 Spirituality and Socialization in the Slave Community 176 Jason R. Young 11 Slave Rebels and Black Abolitionists 199 Stanley Harrold Part IV: Transculturation 217 12 The Americanization of Africans and the Africanization of America 219 Samuel T. Livingston 13 African Americans and an Atlantic World Culture 235 Walter C. Rucker Part V: The Civil War, Emancipation, and the Quest for Freedom 255 14 African Americans and the American Civil War 257 Oscar R. Williams III and Hayward ???Woody??? Farrar 15 Jim Crowed ??? Emancipation Betrayed: African Americans Confront the Veil 271 Charles W. McKinney, Jr and Rhonda Jones Part VI: The Maturation of African American Communities and the Emergence of Independent Institutions 283 16 African American Religious and Fraternal Organizations 285 David H. Jackson, Jr 17 The Quest for ???Book Learning???: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom 295 Christopher M. Span and James D. Anderson 18 The Growth of African American Cultural and Social Institutions 312 David H. Jackson, Jr 19 African American Entrepreneurship in Slavery and Freedom 325 Anne R. Hornsby 20 The Black Press 332 Shirley E. Thompson Part VII: African Americans and Wars ???For Democracy??? 347 21 The Black Soldier in Two World Wars 349 Hayward ???Woody??? Farrar 22 Identity, Patriotism, and Protest on the Wartime Home Front, 1917???19, 1941???5 364 Hayward ???Woody??? Farrar Part VIII: Gender and Class 379 23 Gender and Class in Post–Emancipation Black Communities 381 Angela M. Hornsby 24 African American Women since the Second World War: Perspectives on Gender and Race 395 Delores P. Aldridge 25 Striving for Place: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) People 412 Juan J. Battle and Natalie D. A. Bennett Part IX: Migration, Renaissance, and New Beginnings 447 26 Exodus from the South 449 Mark Andrew Huddle 27 Development, Growth, and Transformation in Higher Education 463 Abel A. Bartley 28 Identity, Protest, and Outreach in the Arts 476 Julius E. Thompson Part X: Searching for Place 497 29 Searching for a New Freedom 499 Hasan Kwame Jeffries 30 ???Race Rebels???: From Indigenous Insurgency to Hip–Hop Mania 512 Marcellus C. Barksdale and Samuel T. Livingston 31 Searching for Place: Nationalism, Separatism, and Pan–Africanism 529 Akinyele Umoja Index 545