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Contributors xi Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii Acronyms xix 1 Introduction: the European Context and Theoretical Framework 1Chris Couch and Charles Fraser The contemporary European context 1 Issues in international comparative urban research 6 Research methodology 9 The choice of localities 13 The structure of the case studies 16 2 Change in the European Industrial City 17Charles Fraser The origins of the industrial city 17 The decline of the industrial city 19 The case for intervention 22 National policy responses 24 The impact of the European Union 30 New challenges 31 The response to the challenge 33 3 Urban Regeneration in Liverpool 34Chris Couch The city centre and docklands 37 Vauxhall and North Liverpool 49 Conclusions 54 4 Dundee: a City Discovering Inclusion and Regeneration 56Greg Lloyd and John McCarthy Introduction 56 Historic context 58 Decline and change 59 Revival 59 Culture, partnership and regionalism 65 Emerging agendas 67 Conclusion 68 5 Urban Regeneration in Belfast 69Stephen McKay Historical background 69 Recent population changes 71 Political context 72 Belfast City Council 74 Planning 76 Housing 78 Urban regeneration 78 Economic growth 82 Conclusion 84 6 Lille: from Textile Giant to Tertiary Turbine 85Charles Fraser and Thierry Baert Decline and the seeds of renewal 87 A changing image in the Nord 89 Economic restructuring 90 The Channel Tunnel 91 Administrative reform 92 The spatial planning context 93 The development results 94 An international profi le 97 Case studies 98 The evolution of French regeneration 106 Summary 107 7 Rotterdam: Structural Change and the Port 109Chris Couch Renewing older inner–city neighbourhoods 110 Rebuilding and maintaining the city centre 116 Kop van Zuid 118 Conclusions 124 8 Belgium: the Case of Wallonie 126Charles Fraser and Luc Marechal Historical background 126 A new beginning and a new programme 129 The process in action 132 Summary 134 9 Milan: the Bovisa District 135Corinna Morandi The historic context 135 Decline and change 138 Revival 141 Emerging agendas 146 Notes 148 10 The Ruhr: from Dereliction to Recovery 149Susan Percy Background 150 Regeneration and development in the Ruhr region 151 Emscher Park International Building Exhibition (IBA) 156 Conclusion 165 11 Economic and Physical Infl uences on Urban Regeneration in Europe 166Chris Couch Geographical location 166 The strength of the regional economy 169 The use of land and buildings 174 Conclusions 179 12 The Institutional and Financial Conditions of Urban Regeneration in Europe 180Charles Fraser Administrative structures 180 Political processes 187 Financial structures 189 Summary 198 13 New Agendas 200Susan Percy Globalisation and place marketing 200 New industries and links to education 203 Social exclusion 204 New alliances and partnerships 205 Promoting sustainability 207 Conclusions 208 14 Review 210Charles Fraser, Chris Couch and Susan Percy Bibliography 217 Index 227