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Figures and Tables ix Acknowledgments xi Abbreviations of WorksFrequently Cited xiii Introduction 3 1. Kepler's Life and Times 10 SelectBiography 10 Kepler's Astronomical Inheritance 18 Kepler's PhilosopbicalInheritance 32 2. The Mysterium cosmographicum and Kepler's Early Approachto Natural Philosophy 39 The Content of the Mysterium cosmographicum 39Kepler's Cosmology 48 Kepler's Approach to Natural Philosophy 49 3.Kepler's Apologia: An Early Modern Treatise on Realism 57 Extra-AstronomicalConsiderations 58 The Nature of Astronomical Hypotheses 60 The Testing ofAstronomucal Hypotheses 63 Kepler's Improved Notion of Testability 64Concluding Remarks: The Archetypes 67 4. Kepler's Archetypes and theAstronomia nova 69 The Status of Hypotheses in Physical Astronomy 70 TheReplacement of the Mean by the True Sun 71 The Vicarious Hypothesis 76 TheNew Physics 79 Kepler's Second Law 84 Oval Orbits 87 Physical andGeometrical Models of Liberation 91 The Ellipse of Chapter 59 95 ConcludingRemarks: Archetypes in the Astronomia 97 5. The Aristotelian Kepler 99 TheAristotelian Challenge 9O Physical Astronomy as a Mixed Discipline 103 TheMathematical and the Physical 106 Concluding Remarks 111 6. The Harmonicemundi 112 Kepler and Ptolemy 112 The Essence of Archetypal Mathematics 118Synopsis of Book V 120 The Influence of Kepler's Haramonies on His Cosmology136 7. The Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae: Kepler's Mature PhysicalAstronomy 142 The Nature of Astronomy and Observation 144 Archetypes as aPrerequisite for Physics 146 Book IV and the Archetypes 147 Book V 163Concluding Remarks 167 Conclusion: The Fate of Kepler's PhilosophicalThought 169 The Threat to the Perfectibility of Astronomy 169 Kepler'sPhilosophical Legacy 172 Notes 177 Bibliography 191 Index 199