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VOLUME ONE: THE NATURE OF ETHNOGRAPHY Introduction - A Bryman AReview of Ethnography PART ONE: ANTHROPOLOGICAL BEGINNINGS The Ethnographer'sMagic - G W Stocking Fieldwork in British Anthropology from Tylor toMalinowski Tribal Ethnography - E R Leach Past, Present and Future TheMethods of Ethnology - F Boas Some Reminiscences and Reflection on Fieldwork- E E Evans-Pritchard Tenting with Malinowski - M L Wax Notes and Queries onAnthropology and the Development of Field Methods in British Anthropology,1870-1920 - J Urry PART TWO: SOCIOLOGICAL BEGINNINGS Understanding Urban Life- L H Lofland The Chicago Legacy The Development of the 'ParticipantObservation' Method in Sociology - J Platt Origin Myth and History OnMaking the Most of Participant Observation - W F Whyte Everett C Hughes andthe Development of Fieldwork in Sociology - J M Champoulie PART THREE:TRADITIONS IN ETHNOGRAPHY Notes on Queries in Ethnography - C O Frake The TwoTraditions of Educational Ethnography - S Delamont and P AtkinsonSociology and Anthropology Compared Critical Realist Ethnography - S PorterThe Case of Racism and Professionalism in a Medical Setting PART FOUR:EPISTEMOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY From the Native's Point of View - C Geertz Onthe Nature of Anthropological Understanding Epistemological Implications ofFieldwork and Their Consequences - F A Salamone The Ethnographic Method inSociology - R L Gold How Native Is a 'Native' Anthropologist? - K NarayanEthnography's Warrants - J Katz VOLUME TWO: ETHNOGRAPHIC FIELDWORK PRACTICEPART ONE: THE NATURE OF ETHNOGRAPHIC PRACTICE Studying Deviance in FourSettings - J M Henslin Research Experiences with Cabbies, Suicides, DrugUsers and Abortionees Four Ways to Improve the Craft of Fieldwork - R MEmerson Making a Study 'More Ethnographic' - H F Wolcott PART TWO: ACCESS ANDENTRY The Masking of Social Reality - D Serber Ethnographic Fieldwork inthe Bureaucracy Participant Observation and Research into FootballHooliganism - R Giulianotti Reflections on the Problems of Entr[ac]ee andEveryday Risks PART THREE: SAMPLING IN ETHNOGRAPHY Qualitative Evaluation andResearch Methods - M Q Patton Sampling in Qualitative Research - M R Luborskyand R L Rubinstein Rationale, Issues and Methods PART FOUR: FIELDWORKROLES Roles in Sociological Field Observation - R L Gold Fieldwork Roles andInformational Yield - D A Snow, R D Benford and L Anderson A Comparison ofAlternative Settings and Roles PART FIVE: ETHNOGRAPHIC FIELDWORKRELATIONSHIPS The Participant Observer and Over-Rapport - S M Miller BetweenStranger and Friend - R B Everhart Some Consequences of 'Long-Term'Fieldwork in Schools Lovers in the Field - J Dubisch Sex, Dominance andthe Female Anthropologist The Relationship of Observer to Observed WhenStudying up - J Cassell Doing Ethnography - W Shaffir Reflections onFinding Your Way PART SIX: INFORMANTS The Informant Game - J Van MaanenAnthropologists and Their Informants - M Shokeid PART SEVEN: FIELDNOTES AVocabulary for Fieldnotes - R Sanjek Writing Fieldnotes - N Rapport TheConventionalities of Note-Taking in the Field D[ac]ej[gr]a Entendu - J EJackson The Liminal Qualities of Anthropological Fieldnotes PART EIGHT:INTERVIEWING IN ETHNOGRAPHY Step Two - J R Spradley Interviewing anInformant Questions for the Ethnographer - C L Briggs A CriticalExamination of the Role of the Interview in Fieldwork Privileging Fieldworkover Interviewing - S Kleinman, B Stenross and M McMahon Consequences forIdentity and Practice PART NINE: LEAVING THE FIELD The Disengagement Process- D Snow A Neglected Problem in Participant Observation Research Leaving,Revisiting and Staying in Touch - C Gallmeier Neglected Issues in FieldResearch VOLUME THREE: ISSUES IN ETHNOGRAPHY PART ONE: GENDER IN THE FIELDFrom Anguish to Exultation - L Nader Sex and Gender in Fieldwork Research - CWarren and P Rasmussen Spotting the Invisible Man - N McKeganey and M BloorThe Influence of Male Gender on Fieldwork Relations PART TWO: FEMINISTETHNOGRAPHY Can There Be a Feminist Ethnography? - J Stacey Situating theProduction of Feminist Ethnography - B Skeggs Yes Virginia, There Is aFeminist Ethnography - D Bell Reflections from Three Australian FieldsPART THREE: VALIDATING ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH Problems of Reliability andValidity in Ethnographic Research - M LeCompte and J Goetz On the Use ofMembers' Responses to Reseachers' Accounts - R M Emerson and M PollnerEmerging Criteria for Quality in Qualitative and Interpretive Research - Y SLincoln PART FOUR: COMBINING ETHNOGRAPHY WITH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ResearchMethods for the Study of Conflict and Cooperation - W F Whyte The Combinationof Quantitative and Qualitative Research in a Study of Shopping, Place andIdentity - D Miller et al PART FIVE: TEAM ETHNOGRAPHY Blitzkrieg Ethnography- R C Rist On the Transformation of a Method into a Movement NegotiatedValidity in Collaborative Ethnography - L L Belgrave and K J Smith PART SIX:DOCUMENTS AND MATERIAL CULTURE The Study of Material Culture Today - PLemonnier Towards an Anthropology of Technical Systems AnalyzingDocumentary Realities - P Atkinson and A Coffey PART SEVEN: THE VISUAL IMAGEThe Visual Ethnographic Narrative - D Harper Video, Film and Photographs asResearch Documents - P Loizos PART EIGHT: APPLYING ETHNOGRAPHY EthnographicEducational Evaluation - D M Fetterman Applied Anthropology and PostmodernistEthnography - A M Johannsen PART NINE: ETHICAL ISSUES IN ETHNOGRAPHY EthicalPrinciples for Conducting Fieldwork - J Cassell Ten Lies of Ethnography - G AFine Moral Dilemmas in Field Research PART TEN: REPLICATION AND RE-STUDYIN ETHNOGRAPHY The Gold Coast and the Slum Revisited - A Hunter The RashomonEffect - K G Heider When Ethnographers Disagree The Mead/FreemanControversy - A Bryman Some Implications for Qualitative ResearchersVOLUME FOUR: ANALYSIS AND WRITING IN ETHNOGRAPHY PART ONE: REFLEXIVITY INETHNOGRAPHY: THE PERSONAL DIMENSION Survival in the Field - M ClarkeImplications of Personal Experience in Fieldwork Reflexivity in Fieldwork - IKarp and M B Kendall 'Then You Know How I Feel' - L Ellingson Empathy,Identification and Reflexivity in Fieldwork PART TWO: AUTO-ETHNOGRAPHYAuto-Ethnography - D M Hayano Paradigms, Problems and Prospects ExploringLoss through Auto-Ethnographic Inquiry - C Ellis Auto-EthnographicStories, Co-Constructed Narratives and Interactive Interviews PART THREE:INTERPRETING ETHNOGRAPHIC DATA The Ethnographic Critique of Ethnography - J DBrewer Sectarianism in the RUC Examining the Facts in Fieldwork - J EnnewConsiderations of Method and Data Ethnography as Narrative - E R BrunerPART FOUR: MANAGING ETHNOGRAPHIC DATA Quality into Quantity - A Johnson and OR Johnson On the Measurement Potential of Ethnography FieldnotesEthnographic Content Analysis - D L Altheide Users' Experiences ofQualitative Data Analysis Software - R M Lee and N G Fielding PART FIVE:ANALYZING ETHNOGRAPHIC DATA A Theory of Qualitative Methodology - J KatzThe Social System of Analytic Fieldwork 'Discovering' Chronic Illness - KCharmaz Using Grounded Theory Processing Fieldnotes - R M Emerson, R IFretz and L L Shaw Coding and Memoing PART SIX: REVISITING ETHNOGRAPHICDATA The Ethnography of a Medical Setting - P Atkinson Reading, Writingand Rhetoric The Data Are out There, or Are They? Implications for Archivingand Revisiting Qualitative Data - N S Mauthner, O Parry and K Backett-MilburnPART SEVEN: ETHNOGRAPHY AS TEXT Being There - C Geertz Anthropology andthe Science of Writing Postmodern Ethnography - S A Tyler From Document ofthe Occult to Occult Document The Rhetorical Turn in Ethnography - MHammersley Educational Birds - L Richardson The Facts of Fictions inQualitative Inquiry - N K Denzin PART EIGHT: THE LIMITS OF ETHNOGRAPHY