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Contents: Introductory essay; Part One: On investigating and understanding European presences: historiographical change and continuity: On the 18th century as a category in Indonesian history, J. C. van Leur; Some considerations on Portuguese colonial historiography, C. R. Boxer; Retrospect on J. C. van Leur’s essay on the 18th century as a category in Asian history, P. J. Marshall; Part Two: On beginnings: making contacts, confronting the unfamiliar and surviving: The European approach to the interior of Africa in the 18th century, Robin Hallett; New data on European mortality in West Africa: the Dutch on the Gold Coast, 1719-1760, H. M. Feinberg; Prince Henry and the origins of European expansion, Malyn Newitt; Early Ming images of the Portuguese, K. C. Fok; Part Three: On formal presences: organized settlements and the trend towards dominion: Early English trade and settlement in Asia, 1602-1690, D. K. Bassett; The Portuguese on the Zambesi: an historical interpretation of the Prazo system, Malyn Newitt; Freehold farmers and frontier settlers, 1657-1780, Leonard Guelke; Economic and political expansion: the case of Oudh, P. J. Marshall; Part Four: Informal presences: Individual enterprise and merging in: Exiles and renegades in early 16th-century Portuguese Asia, Maria Augusta Lima Cruz; Indian merchants and English private interests: 1659-1760, Bruce Watson; Merchant in Royal service: Constant Phaulkon as Phraklang in Ayuthaya, 1683-1688, Jurrien van Goor; European exiles, renegades and outlaws and the maritime economy of Asia, c. 1500-1750, G. V. Scammell; Index.