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ContentsPREFACE INTRODUCTION Rationale for Reviewing Instructional Computing Research Scope of the Current Review FINDINGS FROM PAST REVIEWS Previous Reviews of Effectiveness: Descriptive Methods Previous Reviews of Effectiveness: Meta-analysis Methods Reviews of Non-CAI Computer Applications Reviews of Non-Achievement Factors and Effects Summary of Observations From Past Reviews META-ANALYSIS ISSUES AND PROCEDURES General Meta-analysis Procedures in the Past Problems and Issues With Meta-analysis Meta-Analysis Procedures in This Study REVIEW OF THE STUDY FINDINGS General Findings on Effectiveness Are Computer Applications More Effective at Certain Grade Levels? Are Computer Applications More Effective With Certain Types of Content? Are Computer Applications More Effective With Certain Kinds of Students? Do Student Attitudes Improve as a Result of Using Computers? Findings on Effectiveness in Specific Content Areas and Specific Student Groups How Effective Are Various Applications in Teaching Mathematics Skills? How Effective Are Various Computer Applications for Reading and Language Skills? How Effective Are Computer Applications in Science? How Effective Are Computer Applications in Teaching English and Reading to ESL Students? How Effective is Word Processing in Improving Writing Skills? How Effective Are Logo and CAI Applications to Teach Problem-Solving? Can Computer Applications Enhance Student Creativity? Procedures and Findings of Major Studies The ETS/LAUSD Study: The Computer Curriculum Corporation (CCC) System and Compensatory Education The ETS Writing-to-Read Study Three Studies of Technology-Intensive Programs Logo Effects on Problem-Solving Abilities: Pea?s Bank Street Studies SUMMARY FINDINGS AND IMPLICATIONS Comparison of Findings: Past and Present Implications of Findings for Future Research Implications of Findings for Future Implementation A Final Word on the Future REFERENCES