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PHYSIOLOGY AND THE CONCEPT OF HOMEOSTASISIntroductionHomeostasisNegative FeedbackPlasma MembraneStructure and CompositionFunctionMEMBRANE TRANSPORTSimple DiffusionOsmosisMediated TransportMEMBRANE POTENTIALBasic Electrical ConceptsResting Membrane PotentialELECTRICAL SIGNALSGraded PotentialsAction PotentialsConduction of the Action PotentialSYNAPTIC TRANSMISSIONSynapsesNeural IntegrationPossible Drug or Disease Actions at the SynapseTHE NERVOUS SYSTEMIntroductionTypes of NeuronsThree Major Levels of CNS FunctionThe BrainTHE SPINAL CORDStructure and CompositionReflexesPAINNociceptorsTypes of PainPain PathwayAnalgesic PathwayCauses of PainReferred PainPhantom PainHeadacheTHE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEMIntroductionSympathetic DivisionParasympathetic DivisionNeurotransmitters of the Autonomic Nervous SystemReceptors for Autonomic NeurotransmittersFunctions of the Autonomic Nervous SystemAdrenal MedullaTHE ENDOCRINE SYSTEMClassification of HormonesMechanisms of Hormone FunctionPituitary GlandThyroid GlandParathyroid GlandsAdrenal CortexPancreasSKELETAL MUSCLEStructure of Skeletal MuscleMechanism of ContractionSkeletal Muscle MechanicsSMOOTH MUSCLEStructure of Smooth MuscleMechanism of ContractionMultiunit Smooth MuscleSingle-Unit Smooth MuscleGraded Responses and Metabolic ConsiderationsCARDIAC PHYSIOLOGYBlood VesselsExcitation and Conduction in the HeartElectrocardiogramCardiac CycleCardiac Output and Its RegulationTHE CIRCULATORY SYSTEMIntroductionRegulation of Arterial PressureThe Venous SystemRegulation of Blood Flow Through TissuesCapillary ExchangeTHE BLOODPlasmaErthrocytesLeukocytesPlatelets and HemostasisTHE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMBlood-Gas InterfaceAnatomical ConsiderationsMechanics of BreathingGas ExchangeVentilation-Perfusion RelationshipsGas TransportRegulation of VentilationTHE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMDigestive Tract WallRegulation of Gastrointestinal FunctionMouth and PharynxEsopahagusStomachSmall IntestineLarge IntestineTHE RENAL SYSTEMAnatomical ConsiderationsBasic Renal ProcessesPlasma ClearanceControl of Renal HemodynamicsControl of Sodium and Water Excretion