内容

目次

I The Interacting Materials.- 1 The Soil as a Porous Medium.- 1.1 The Solid Phase.- 1.1.1 Clay Materials.- 1.1.2 Minerals Other Than Clays.- 1.1.3 Soil Organic Matter.- 1.1.4 Interactions Between Components of the Solid Phase.- 1.1.5 The Electrified Surface of the Solid Phase.- 1.2 The Liquid Phase.- 1.2.1 Water Near Soil Solid Phase.- 1.2.2 The Aqueous Solution.- 1.3 The Soil Gaseous Phase.- 1.4 The Soil as Biological System.- 1.4.1 Soil Biota: Components and Distribution.- 1.4.2 Microorganism Bioactivity.- 1.5 Soil Heterogeneity.- References.- 2 The Soil Pollutants.- 2.1 Inorganic and Inorganic-Organically Combined Pollutants.- 2.1.1 Nitrogen Forms.- 2.1.2 Phosphorus Forms.- 2.1.3 Salts.- 2.1.4 Potentially Toxic Trace Elements.- 2.2 Toxic Organic Residues.- 2.2.1 Small Organic Molecules.- 2.2.2 Organic Macromolecules.- References.- II Pollutants Partitioning Among Soil Phases.- 3 Pollutants-Soil Solution Interactions.- 3.1 Acid-Base Equilibria.- 3.2 Precipitation-Dissolution.- 3.3 Ligand Effect.- 3.4 Oxidation-Reduction Equilibrium.- 3.5 Effects of Mixed Solvents and Surfactants.- 3.6 Temperature Effect on Solubility.- 3.7 Examples.- 3.7.1 Acid Rains and A1 Dissolution.- 3.7.2 Alkaline Soils and Gypsum Dissolution.- 3.7.3 Sludge Effect on Potentially Toxic Inorganic Trace Element Solubility.- 3.7.4 Redox Processes and Metal Solubility.- 3.7.5 Solubility of Organic Solvents Under a Waste-Disposal Site.- References.- 4 Volatilization into the Soil Atmosphere.- 4.1 The Volatilization Process.- 4.2 Vapor Pressure and Vaporization Relationship..- 4.3 Volatilization of Multicomponent Pollutants...- 4.4 Examples.- 4.4.1 Ammonia Volatilization.- 4.4.2 Pesticide Volatilization.- 4.4.3 Petroleum Products Volatilization.- References.- 5 Retention of Pollutants on and Within the Soil Solid Phase.- 5.1 Surface Adsorption.- 5.1.1 Adsorption of Ionic Pollutants.- 5.1.2 Adsorption of Nonionic Pollutants.- 5.1.3 Adsorption of Complex Mixtures..- 5.1.4 Adsorption Isotherms.- 5.1.5 Kinetics of Adsorption.- 5.1.6 Factors Affecting Adsorption.- 5.2 Nonadsorptive Retention.- 5.2.1 Pollutant Precipitation.- 5.2.2 Trapping.- 5.3 Examples.- 5.3.1 Pollutants Adsorption.- 5.3.2 Nonadsorptive Retention.- References.- III Pollutant Behavior in Soils.- 6 Reversible and Irreversible Retention - Release and Bound Residues.- 6.1 Retention Hysteresis.- 6.1.1 True Hysteresis.- 6.1.2 Apparent Hysteresis.- 6.1.3 Method-Created Hysteresis.- 6.2 Bound Residues.- 6.2.1 Experimental Definition..- 6.2.2 Mechanisms.- 6.3 Examples.- 6.3.1 Inorganic Pollutants.- 6.3.2 Organic Pollutants.- 6.3.3 Organo-Clays.- References.- 7 Transformation and Metabolite Formation.- 7.1 Decomposition Rate.- 7.2 Abiotically Induced Transformation.- 7.2.1 Transformation in Soil Water.- 7.2.2 Transformation at the Solid-Liquid Interface.- 7.3 Biologically Mediated Transformations.- 7.3.1 Microbial Reactions.- 7.3.2 Transformation of Inorganic Compounds.- 7.3.3 Transformation of Organic Toxic Chemicals.- 7.4 Examples.- 7.4.1 Hydrolysis.- 7.4.2 The Redox Process.- 7.4.3 Photolytic Degradation.- 7.4.4 Coordinative Transformations.- 7.4.5 Liquid Mixture Transformations.- References.- 8 Pollutants Transport in the Soil Medium.- 8.1 Solute Transport.- 8.1.1 Transport Mechanisms.- 8.1.2 Preferential Flow of Solute.- 8.2 Transport of Nonaqueous-Phase Liquid.- 8.3 Vapor Flux.- 8.4 Transport on Suspended Particles.- 8.4.1 Transport on Eroded Sediments.- 8.4.2 Transport in Association with Dispersed Colloidal Material.- 8.5 Factors Affecting Transport Processes.- 8.5.1 Field and Climate Variability..- 8.5.2 Heterogeneity of the Pollutant.- 8.6 Examples.- 8.6.1 Diffusion of a Degradable Pesticide..- 8.6.2 Miscible Displacement.- 8.6.3 Transport of Nonaqueous Pollutant Liquids (NAPL).- 8.6.4 Vertical Transport of Pesticides Adsorbed on Colloids.- 8.6.5 Preferential Flow.- 8.6.6 Transport of Pathogenic Microorganisms.- References.- IV Prediction and Remediation.- 9 Modeling the Fate of Pollutants in the Soil.- 9.1 Overview of Models.- 9.2 Description of Models.- 9.2.1 Deterministic Models.- 9.2.2 Stochastic Models.- 9.3 Examples of Models Describing the Fate of Pesticides in Soils.- 9.3.1 Transport Phenomena.- 9.3.2 Sink/Source Phenomena.- 9.4 Some Problems Connected with Modeling.- 9.4.1 The Scale of Modeling.- 9.4.2 Model Sensitivity.- 9.4.3 Model Validation.- References.- 10 Risks and Remedies.- 10.1 Risk Assessment.- 10.1.1 Diagnosis.- 10.1.2 Prognosis.- 10.2 Selection of Remedies.- 10.2.1 There Is No Pollution Risk in the Land Under Consideration.- 10.2.2 There Is No Risk Around the Contaminated Site.- 10.2.3 There Is a Risk for the Environment.- 10.3 Remediation Technologies.- 10.3.1 Hard Techniques with Excavation (Surgical Operation).- 10.3.2 Soft Techniques Without Excavation (Chemotherapy).- 10.3.3 Control and Cost.- References.