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I THE EARLY MUSLIM EARTH AND SKY The World According to al-Idrisi549/1154 The World According to al-Sharfi 986/1579 Arabic Constellations StarNames used by the Arabs in the Indian Ocean II THE EXTENSION OF THE MUSLIMWORLD Linguistic Regions of the Islamic World circa 900/1500 Environments andMineral Resources of the Islamic World circa 390/1000 The World on the Eve ofthe Muslim Conquests circa 600 A.D. Early Muslim Conquests The UmayyadCaliphate circa 132/750 The Muslim World circa 287/900 The Muslim World circa403/1100 The Muslim World circa 700/1300 The Muslim World circa 905/1500 TheMuslim World circa 1111/1700 The Muslim World circa 1317/1900 III THE ARABIANPENINSULA Arabia According to Ptolemy (circa 150 A.D.) Arabia in ClassicalTimes Pre-Islamic Yaman and the Hadramawt Arabia in the Time of the Hijra(622 A.D.) The Holy City of Makka The Holy City of al-Madina Yaman and theHadramawt in Islamic Times The Arabian Peninsula in Islamic Times San a IVEGYPT AND THE FERTILE CRESCENT The Fertile Crescent under the Umayyad andcAbbasid Caliphs The Fertile Crescent in the Age of the Crusades circa534/1140 The Fertile Crescent in the 11th/17th and 12th/18th CenturiesDimashq (Damascus) in the Ayyubid and Mamluk Period Al-Quds (Jerusalem) Halab(Aleppo) circa 905/1500 Al-Mawsil (Mosul) Baghdad under the Early cAbbasidsBaghdad in the Buyid, Saljuq and Mongol Periods Mediaeval Islamic EgyptAl-Fustat and al-Qahira Cairo/al-Qahira in the Mamluk Period V IRAN ANDTRANSOXANIA Iran under the Umayyads and cAbbasids Iran in the4th-5th/10th-11th Centuries Iran under the Mongols 7th-8th/13th-14thCenturies Iran under the Safavid and Qajar Dynasties (10th-13th/16th-19thCenturies) Isfahan Samarqand Transoxania in the 4th-5th/10th-11th CenturiesTransoxania under the Khwarazm Shahs and Ghurids Transoxania under theTimurids and Ozbeks circa 905/1500 Transoxania in the 13th/19th Century MarvHarat VI THE CAUCASUS Caucasus (al-Qabq) in the Early Middle Ages Caucasus inthe 12th-13th/18th-19th Centuries VII ANATOLIA AND THE BALKANS ByzantineAnatolia/Rum in 2nd-5th/8th-11th Centuries Anatolia/Rum 473-600/1081-1204Anatolia/Rum in the 7th/13th Century: Saljuq Roads and Crusade RoutesAnatolia/Rum circa 700/1300: Ottoman Expansion to 763/1362 Ottoman Expansion1362-1402 A.D. The First Conquest of Rumelia and Anatolia Anadolu and Rumeliin the Later 11th/17th Century Anadolu and Rumeli in the Later 13th/19thCentury Ottoman Naval Power in the 10th/16th Century Istanbul VIII AL-ANDALUS(SPAIN AND PORTUGAL) AND AL-MAGHRIB Al-Andalus and al-Maghrib: The MuslimConquest The Western Mediterranean in the 3th/9th Century Al-Andalus underthe Umayyads circa 338/950 Al-Andalus, the Christian Reconquest circa426-897/1035-1492 Qurtuba (Cordoba) Gharnata (Granada) The Maghrib in the Ageof Almoravids & Almohads 5th-7th/11th-13th Centuries Siqilliyya (Sicily)under Muslim Rule North Africa and the Sudan circa 1008/1600 Fas (Fes)Marrakush (Marrakesh) IX INDIA AND THE INDIAN OCEAN The Indian Ocean circa390/1000 The Turks and Portuguese in the Indian Ocean 10th/16th Centuries TheGreater Dihli Sultanate (Khalji and Early Tughluq) 689-736/1290-1335 EarlyMuslim Penetration of India 2nd-7th/8th-13th Centuries India circa 1101/1690:Maximum Extent of the Mughul Empire under Awrangzib The First Mughul Conquestearly 10th/16th Century India circa 1183/1770: Maratha Expansion andBeginning of British Administration Dihli (Dehli) X THE FAR EASTIndonesia/Java: The First Muslim Empires Indonesia/Java: 906-1163/1500-1750Indonesia/Java: European Colonisation Islam in China Index of Place-Names andEthnic Names