内容

目次

1. Introduction.- 1.1. General.- 1.2. Social Research in Surinam.- 1.3. The West Indian Family System.- 1.3.1. Alternative Unions between Men and Women.- 1.3.2. Female-headed Households and Matrifocality.- 1.3.3. Theories of the Origin of the West Indian Family System.- 1.3.3.1. Poverty and the “West Indian” Family System.- 1.4. The Situation in Surinam.- 2. Surinam.- 2.1. Geography.- 2.2. Political Development.- 2.3. History of Agriculture.- 2.3.1. Plantation Agriculture.- 2.3.2. Small-scale Agriculture.- 2.4. Other Sectors of the Economy.- 2.5. The Demographic Situation.- 2.5.1. Religious distribution of the population.- 2.6. The Creoles.- 2.6.1. The Lower-Class Creoles.- 3. The Research.- 3.1. The Place of Research.- 3.2. The Method of Research.- 3.2.1. Observation and the Interview.- 3.2.2. The Survey.- 3.2.3. The Investigation into the Desired Number of Children.- 3.2.4. The Investigation of the Archives.- 4. The Initial Period of Settlement of the Plantation Colony Up to the Abolition of the Slave Trade in 1808.- 4.1. Population.- 4.2. The Organization of Slavery.- 4.3. The Family Life of the Slaves.- 4.3.1. Alternative unions between men and women.- 4.3.2. The Instability of Relationships.- 4.3.3. The Slave Household.- 4.4. Government, Private and Church Interference in the Family Life of Slaves.- 4.5. The Family Life of the Masters and the free Mulattoes and free Negroes.- 5. The Period from 1808 Up to Emancipation in 1863.- 5.1. General.- 5.2. The Dwindling Slave Force.- 5.2.1. The Unequal Sex Ratio.- 5.2.2. Malnutrition, Disease and Poor Housing among the Slave Population.- 5.3. Measures for the Improvement of the Slaves’ Family Life and Reproductive Capacity.- 5.3.1. Private Measures.- 5.3.2. The Activities of the Missions of the Various Churches.- 5.3.2.1. The Moravian Mission and the Slaves’ Family Life.- 5.3.2.1.1. The Institution of the “Verbond” or “Alliance”.- 5.3.2.2. The Roman Catholic Mission and the Slaves’ Family Life.- 5.3.3. State Interference in Respect of the Family Life of the Slaves.- 5.4. Man-Woman Relationships among the Slaves.- 5.5. The Family Life of the Free Population.- 5.5.1. The Family Life of the Europeans.- 5.5.2. The Family Life of the Free Mulattoes and Free Negroes.- 6. The Post-Emancipation Period.- 6.1. General.- 6.2. The Rural Exodus of the Creole Population.- 6.2.1. The State Supervision of Ex-Slaves (1863–1873).- 6.2.2. The Period after State Supervision.- 6.3. The Creole as Gold Digger and Balata Bleeder.- 6.3.1. The Gold Industry.- 6.3.2. The Balata Industry.- 6.4. Other Creole Occupations.- 6.4.1. The Crafts.- 6.4.2. Bauxite.- 6.4.3. The Timber Industry.- 6.4.4. Other Occupations.- 6.4.4.1. Women’s Occupations.- 6.5. Unemployment.- 6.5.1. Emigration to the Antilles and the Netherlands.- 6.6. The post-Emancipation Family System.- 6.6.1. The Period of State Supervision.- 6.6.2. The Period following State Supervision.- 6.6.2.1. The Issue of the Abolition of the Alliance.- 6.6.2.2. Discrimination in Civil Marriages.- 7. The Situation after World War II.- 7.1. General.- 7.2. Characteristic Features of the Sample Population.- 7.2.1. West Indian Traits of the Households included in the Sample.- 7.3. The Present Socio-Economic Conditions.- 7.3.1. Housing.- 7.3.1.1. Ownership of Houses.- 7.3.2. Economic Aspects of the Household.- 7.3.2.1. Unemployment, Unemployment Relief and Poor Relief.- 7.3.2.2. The Occupational Structure.- 7.3.3. The Family Income.- 7.3.4. The Pattern of Spending of the Household.- 7.3.4.1. Expenditure on Food and Drinks.- 7.3.4.2. Expenditure on Rent, Electricity, Gas and Water.- 7.3.4.3. Expenditure on Clothing and Shoes.- 7.3.4.4. Costs of Illness and Funerals.- 7.3.4.5. Other Expenses.- 7.3.5. The Degree of Poverty.- 8. The Nature of Unions and the Household Structure.- 8.1. General.- 8.2. Alternative Unions between Men and Women.- 8.2.1. The Choice of one or other of the Alternative Unions.- 8.2.1.1. Age of the Partners and Nature of the Union.- 8.2.1.2. Socio-economic Status of Married Persons and of Persons living in Concubinage.- 8.2.1.3. The Way in which Unions are Realized.- 8.2.1.4. Views on Marriage.- 8.2.2. The Stability of Unions.- 8.2.2.1. The Duration of the dissolved Marriages and Concubinages.- 8.2.2.2. Reasons for terminating Unions.- 8.2.3. Illegitimacy of Births.- 8.2.3.1. The Marriage Act for Asians and the Creoles.- 8.2.3.2. Aspects of Illegitimacy among the Lower-class Creoles.- 8.3. The Structure of Households.- 8.3.1. The Prevalent Types of Household.- 8.3.1.1. Type A: Male Head with Legal Wife.- 8.3.1.2. Type B: Male Head with Common Law Wife.- 8.3.1.3. Type C: Male Head without Legal or Common Law Wife.- 8.3.1.4. Type D: the Single Man.- 8.3.1.5. Type E: the Female Head with Legal Husband.- 8.3.1.6. Type F: Female Head with Common Law Husband.- 8.3.1.7. Type G: Female Head without Legal or Common Law Husband.- 8.3.1.8. Type H: the Single Woman.- 8.3.2. The Inter-connectedness of the Different Household Types.- 8.3.2.1. Smith’s Cycle Theory.- 8.3.2.2. The First Phase of the Household.- 8.3.2.3. The Second Phase of the Household.- 8.4. Unmarried Women and Women not Living in Concubinage and their Children.- 9. The Functioning of the Family System.- 9.1. General.- 9.2. The Desire for Children.- 9.3. Birth Control.- 9.4. Traditional Practices in Connection with Pregnancy and Childbirth.- 9.5. Childhood.- 9.5.1. Social Relations During Childhood.- 9.5.1.1. With the Parents.- 9.5.1.2. With Brothers and Sisters.- 9.5.1.3. With Other Persons.- 9.6. Adulthood.- 9.6.1. Man-Woman Relationships.- 9.6.2. Homosexual Relations between Women.- 9.6.3. Contacts with Other Persons.- 9.7. Old Age.- 9.8. Death.- 9.8.1. Description of the Customs observed in Connection with Death.- 9.8.2. The Memorial Gathering on the Eighth Day.- 10. Final Remarks.- 10.1. General.- 10.2. The West Indian Family System of Paramaribo as an Adaptation Model.- Appendix 1. Letter of Introduction explaining the Nature of the Research.- Appendix 2. The Questionnaire.- Appendix 3. Tables A–R not inserted in the text.- Appendix 4. Interview Scheme B.O.G. Sample.- Biblography.