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Introduction 1 Kathleen Bardovi-Harlig and Susan M. Gass SECTION IDefining Pedagogical Norms Pedagogical norms: Development of the concept andillustrations from French 15 Sally Sieloff Magnan and Joel Walz Norms, nativespeakers and reversing language shift 41 Bernard Spolsky Standard, norm, andvariability in language learning: A view from foreign language research 59Claire Kramsch French immersion in Montreal: Pedagogical norm and functionalcompetence 81 Julie Auger SECTION II Applying Pedagogical Norms Communicativeclassrooms, processing instruction, and pedagogical norms 105 Bill VanPattenThe initial impact of reading as input for the acquisition of future tensemorphology in Spanish 119 James F. Lee Treating French intonation: Observedvariation and suggestions for a pedagogical norm 141 Laurie Anne RamseyDislocated subjects in French: A pedagogical norm 171 Helene Ossipov Variantword-order constructions: To teach or not to teach? Evidence from learnernarratives 181 Betsy J. Kerr SECTION III Extending Pedagogical NormsIncorporating variation in the French classroom: A pedagogical norm forlistening comprehension 199 Cynthia A. Fox A pedagogical norm forcircumlocution in French 219 Sarah Jourdain and Mary Ellen Scullen Betweenorality and literacy: Developing a pedagogical norm for narrative discourse239 Carl Blyth Albert Valdman, the Compassionate Shepherd 273 Harry L.Gradman Albert Valdman: Rudy Professor of French & Italian and Linguistics279 Subject index 297