内容

目次

one: Introduction.- 1. Lexical Phonology.- 1.1. Strata.- 1.2. The Cycle.- 1.3. Bracket Erasure.- 1.4. The Model.- 1.5. Stratum Domain Hypothesis.- 1.6. Lexical Exceptions.- 1.7. Structure Preservation.- 1.8. Summary.- 1.9. Phonetic Rules.- 2. Tiered Phonology.- 2.1. Association Conventions.- 2.2. When do the Conventions Apply?.- 2.3. Linking of Tiers.- 2.4. Default Values and the ‘Phonemic Core’.- 2.5. Extratonality.- 2.6. Final Remarks.- 3. Tone and Lexical Phonology.- 3.1. Where are Tones Assigned?.- 3.2. Cyclic Tone Association.- 3.3. Constraints on Linkings.- 3.4. Lexical vs. Post-lexical.- 3.5. Underspecification.- Notes.- Two: The Relevance of Downstep for a Phonetic Component.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Some General Properties of Downstep.- 3. The Overall Model.- 4. Downstep in Tiv: Evidence for Floating L-tones.- 4.1. Falling Contours.- 4.2. H-spread.- 4.3. Against Downstep as Pre-assigned Foot Structure.- 5. Downstep in Dschang: More Evidence for Floating Tones.- 5.1. Nouns in Isolation.- 5.1.1. Downglide.- 5.1.2. Downstep.- 5.2. Downstep in the Associative Construction.- 5.2.1. !H ? M.- 5.2.2. Downstepped H-tones.- 5.2.3. The Location of Downsteps.- 5.2.4. Downstepped L-tones.- 5.2.5. Problems with Floating Tones.- 5.2.5.1. No Metathesis Over a Word-boundary.- 5.2.5.2. Overgeneration of Floating L-tones.- 5.2.5.3. Overgeneration of Floating H-tones.- 5.2.6. Floating Tones vs. Pre-assigned Foot Structure.- 5.2.7. Assignment of Rules to Domains.- 5.3. Other Analyses of Dschang.- 6. Post-lexical vs. Phonetic Rules.- Notes.- Three: Morphological Encoding and the Association Conventions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Cycle.- 2.1. In Tiv.- 2.2. In Margi.- 2.3. In Tonga.- 2.4. Morphological Asymmetries.- 3. Association Conventions.- 3.1. Against Automatic Multiple-linking.- 3.2. Against Automatic Spreading.- 3.2.1. Spreading in Tiv.- 3.2.1.1. Past Tense Forms.- 3.2.1.2. H-spread.- 3.2.1.3. Habitual 3.- 3.2.2. Spreading in Margi.- 3.2.3. Underspecification.- 3.2.4. Alternatives.- 4. Morphological Encoding — Alternative Approaches.- 4.1. Boundary Symbols.- 4.2. Stem-tone Variables.- Notes.- Four: Underspecification.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Default Rules.- 3. Yala Ikom Reduplication.- 4. Yoruba.- 4.1. V-deletion.- 4.1.1. M-tones are Unspecified.- 4.1.2. L-tones are Specified.- 4.1.3. The Relinking Condition.- 4.1.4. M-tone Verbs — More Evidence for Underlying Tonelessness.- 4.1.5. L-tone Verbs: a Case of Neutralization.- 4.2. High Tone Concord.- 4.3. An Alternative to Underspecification.- 5. Values for Default Rules.- 5.1. Tonal Features and Default Values.- 5.2. Default L vs. Default M.- 5.2.1. Binary vs. Ternary Features.- 5.2.2. Application of the Sub-register Default Rule.- 6. Constraints on Underspecification.- 7. Ordering of Default Rules.- 7.1. Extrinsic Ordering.- 7.2. Assignment of Rules to Components.- 8. Referring to Free Skeletal Positions.- 9. Core Values vs. Autosegments.- 10. Conclusion.- Notes.- Five: Accent.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Diacritics.- 2.1. Restrictiveness.- 2.2. In Favour of Diacritics?.- 2.2.1. ‘Culminative’ Function and Accent ‘Subordination’.- 2.2.2. Distributional Constraints.- 2.2.3. Symmetry.- 3. Melodies.- 4. Tonga.- 4.1. Default Values.- 4.2. Accented Nouns.- 4.3. Verb Bases: Floating H-tones.- 4.4. Initial H-deletion.- 4.5. Meeussen’s Rule.- 4.6. Free-tone Linking.- 4.7. The Recent Past (Strong) Tense.- 4.8. Stable Final Vowel Accent.- 4.9. Imperative.- 5. Conclusion.- Notes.- Six: Rule Properties.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Prelinking.- 3. Extratonality: the Case of Margi.- 3.1. Suffixed Object Pronouns.- 3.2. Genitive Constructions.- 4. Polarity.- 4.1. Extratonality: Margi Revisited.- 4.1.1. Present Tense.- 4.1.2. Past Tense — and a Revised Peripherally Condition.- 4.1.3. Subject Clitics — and Bracket Erasure.- 4.2. The Issue of Indeterminacy.- 5. Assignment of Rules to Components.- 5.1. Lexical Constraints.- 5.1.1. Contour Tones and Syllable Structure in Tiv.- 5.1.2. Constraints on Rule Application.- 5.2. Ordering of Rules.- 5.3. The Strict Cycle.- 5.3.1. Lexical Spreading of Linked Tones.- 5.3.2. Distinctness.- 5.3.3. Across-the-board Application.- Notes.- References.- Index of Languages.- Index of Names.- Index of Subjects.