目次

1 The Soils Around Us 1.1 Functions of Soils in Our Ecosystem 1.2Medium for Plant Growth 1.3 Regulator of Water Supplies 1.4 Recycler ofRaw Materials 1.5 Habitat for Soil Organisms 1.6 Engineering Medium 1.7Pedosphere as Environmental Interface 1.8 Soil as a Natural Body 1.9 TheSoil Profile and Its Layers (Horizons) 1.10 Topsoil and Subsoil 1.11Soil: The Interface of Air, Minerals, Water, and Life 1.12 Mineral(Inorganic) Constituents of Soils 1.13 Soil Organic Matter 1.14 SoilWater: A Dynamic Solution 1.15 Soil Air: A Changing Mixture of Gases 1.16Interaction of Four Components to Supply Plant Nutrients 1.17 NutrientUptake by Plant Roots 1.18 Soil Quality, Degradation, and Resilience 1.19Conclusion Study Questions References 2 Formation of Soils from ParentMaterials 2.1 Weathering of Rocks and Minerals 2.2 Factors InfluencingSoil Formation 2.3 Parent Materials 2.4 Climate 2.5 Biota: LivingOrganisms 2.6 Topography 2.7 Time 2.8 Four Basic Processes of SoilFormation 2.9 The Soil Profile 2.1o Conclusion Study QuestionsReferences 3 Soil Classification 3.1 Concept of Individual Soils 3.2Comprehensive Classification System: Soil Taxonomy 3.3 Categories andNomenclature of Soil Taxonomy 3.4 Soil Orders 3.5 Entisols (Recent:Little If Any Profile Development) 3.6 Inceptisols (Few DiagnosticFeatures: Inception of B Horizon) 3.7 Andisols (Volcanic Ash Soils) 3.8Gelisols (Permafrost and Frost Churning) 3.9 Histisols (Organic Soilswithout Permafrost) 3.10 Aridisols (Dry Soils) 3.11 Vertisols (Dark,Swelling and Cracking Clays) 3.12 Mollisols (Dark, Soft Soils ofGrasslands) 3.13 Alfisols (Argillic or Natric Horizon, Medium to HighBases) 3.14 Ultisols (Argillic Horizon, Low Bases) 3.15 Spodosols (Acid,Sandy, Forest Soils, Low Bases) 3.16 Oxisols (Oxic Horizon, HighlyWeathered) 3.17 Lower-Level Categories in Soil Taxonomy 3.18 ConclusionStudy Questions References 4 Soil Architecture and Physical Properties 4.1Soil Color 4.2 Soil Texture (Size Distribution of Soil Particles) 4.3Soil Textural Classes 4.4 Structure of Mineral Soils 4.5 Formation andStabilization of Soil Aggregates 4.6 Tillage and Structural Management ofSoils 4.7 Soil Density 4.8 Pore Space of Mineral Soils 4.9 SoilProperties Relevant to Engineering Uses 4.10 Conclusion Study QuestionsReferences 5 Soil Water: Characteristics and Behavior 5.1 Structure andRelated Properties of Water 5.2 Capillary Fundamentals and Soil Water 5.3Soil Water Energy Concepts 5.4 Soil Water Content and Soil Water Potential5.5 The Flow of Liquid Water in Soil 5.6 Infiltration and Percolation 5.7Water Vapor Movement in Soils 5.8 Qualitative Description of Soil Wetness5.9 Factors Affecting Amount of Plant-Available Soil Water 5.10 Mechanismsby Which Plants Are Supplied with Water 5.11 Conclusion Study QuestionsReferences 6 Soil and the Hydrologic Cycle 6.1 The Global Hydrologic Cycle6.2 Fate of Precipitation and Irrigation Water 6.3 TheSoil--Plant--Atmosphere Continuum 6.4 Control of Evapotranspiration (ET)6.5 Liquid Losses of Water from the Soil 6.6 Percolation and Groundwaters6.7 Enhancing Soil Drainage 6.8 Septic Tank Drain Fields 6.9 IrrigationPrinciples and Practices 6.10 Conclusion Study Questions References 7Soil Aeration and Temperature 7.1 Soil Aeration--The Process 7.2 Means ofCharacterizing Soil Aeration 7.3 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Potential 7.4Factors Affecting Soil Aeration and Eh 7.5 Ecological Effects of SoilAeration 7.6 Aeration in Relation to Soil and Plant Management 7.7Wetlands and Their Poorly Aerated Soils 7.8 Processes Affected by SoilTemperature 7.9 Absorption and Loss of Solar Energy 7.10 ThermalProperties of Soils 7.11 Soil Temperature Control 7.12 Conclusion StudyQuestions References 8 Soil Colloids: Seat of Soil Chemical and PhysicalActivity 8.1 General Properties and Types of Soil Colloids 8.2Fundamentals of Layer Silicate Clay Structure 8.3 MineralogicalOrganization of Silicate Clays 8.4 Structural Characteristics ofNonsilicate Colloids 8.5 Genesis and Geographic Distribution of SoilColloids 8.6 Sources of Charges on Soil Colloids 8.7 Adsorption ofCations and Anions 8.8 Cation Exchange Reactions 8.9 Cation ExchangeCapacity 8.10 Exchangeable Cations in Field Soil 8.11 Anion Exchange8.12 Sorption of Pesticides and Groundwater Contamination 8.13 Binding ofBiomolecules to Clay and Humus 8.14 Physical Implications of Swelling-TypeClays 8.15 Conclusion Study Questions References 9 Soil Acidity 9.1The Process of Soil Acidification 9.2 Role of Aluminum in Soil Acidity 9.3Pools of Soil Acidity 9.4 Buffering of pH in Soils 9.5 Determination ofSoil pH 9.6 Human-Influenced Soil Acidification 9.7 Biological Effects ofSoil pH 9.8 Raising Soil pH by Liming 9.9 Alternative Ways to Amelioratethe Ill Effects of Soil Acidity 9.10 Lowering Soil pH 9.12 ConclusionStudy Questions References 10 Soils of Dry Regions: Alkalinity, Salinity,and Sodicity 10.1 Characteristics and Problems of Alkaline Soils 10.2Causes of Alkalinity: High Soil pH 10.3 Development of Salt-Affected Soils10.4 Measuring Salinity and Sodicity 10.5 Classes of Salt-Affected Soils10.6 Physical Degradation of Soils by Sodic Chemical Conditionss 10.7Growth of Plants on Salt-Affected Soils 10.8 Water-Quality Considerationsfor Irrigation 10.9 Reclamation of Saline Soils 10.10 Reclamation ofSaline-Sodic and Sodic Soils 10.12 Management of Reclaimed Soils 10.11Conclusion Study Questions References 11 Organisms and Ecology of the Soil11.1 The Diversity of Organisms in the Soil 11.2 Organisms in Action11.3 Organism Abundance, Biomass, and Metabolic Activity 11.4 Earthworms11.5 Ants and Termites 11.6 Soil Microanimals 11.7 Plant Roots 11.8Soil Algae 11.9 Soil Fungi 11.10 Soil Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea11.11 Conditions Affecting the Growth of Soil Microorganisms 11.12Beneficial Effects of Soil Organisms on Plant Communities 11.13 SoilOrganisms and Damage to Higher Plants 11.14 Ecological Relationships AmongSoil Organisms 11.15 Conclusion Study Questions References 12 SoilOrganic Matter 12.1 The Global Carbon Cycle 12.2 The Process ofDecomposition in Soils 12.3 Factors Controlling Rates of Decomposition andMineralization 12.4 Genesis and Nature of Soil Organic Matter and Humus12.5 Influences of Organic Matter on Plant Growth and Soils 12.7 Influenceof Organic Matter on Soil Properties and the Environment 12.6 Amounts andQuality of Soil Organic Matter 12.7 Carbon Balance in theSoil--Plant--Atmosphere System 12.8 Factors and Practices Influencing SoilOrganic Matter Levels 12.9 The Greenhouse Effect: Soils and Climate Change12.10 Composts and Composting 12.11 Conclusion Study QuestionsReferences 13 Nitrogen and Sulfur Economy of Soils 13.1 Influence ofNitrogen on Plant Growth and Development 13.2 Distribution of Nitrogen andthe Nitrogen Cycle 13.3 Immobilization and Mineralization 13.4 SolubleOrganic Nitrogen 13.5 Ammonium Fixation by Clay Minerals 13.6 AmmoniaVolatilization 13.7 Nitrification 13.8 The Nitrate Leaching Problem 13.9Gaseous Losses by Denitrification 13.10 Biological Nitrogen Fixation13.11 Symbiotic Fixation with Legumes 13.12 Symbiotic Fixation withNonlegumes 13.13 Nonsymbiotic Nitrogen Fixation 13.14 Nitrogen Depositionfrom the Atmosphere 13.15 Practical Management of Soil Nitrogen 13.16Importance of Sulfur 13.17 Natural Sources of Sulfur 13.18 The SulfurCycle 13.19 Behavior of Sulfur Compounds in Soils 13.20 Sulfur Oxidationand Reduction 13.21 Sulfur Retention and Exchange 13.22 Sulfur and SoilFertility Maintenance 13.23 Conclusion Study Questions References 14Soil Phosphorus and Potassium 14.1 Role of Phosphorus in Plant Nutritionand Soil Fertility 14.2 Effects of Phosphorus on Environmental Quality14.3 The Phosphorus Cycle 14.4 Organic Phosphorus in Soils 14.5Inorganic Phosphorus in Soils 14.6 Solubility of Inorganic Phosphorus inAcid Soils 14.7 Inorganic Phosphorus Availability at High pH Values 14.8Phosphorus-Fixation Capacity of Soils 14.9 Practical Control of Phosphorusin Soils 14.10 Potassium: Nature and Ecological Roles 14.11 Potassium inPlant and Animal Nutrition 14.12 The Potassium Cycle 14.13 The PotassiumProblem in Soil Fertility 14.14 Forms and Availability of Potassium inSoils 14.15 Factors Affecting Potassium Fixation in Soils 14.16 PracticalAspects of Potassium Management 14.17 Conclusion Study QuestionsReferences 15 Micronutrients and Other Trace Elements 15.1 Calcium asEssential Nutrient 15.2 Magnesium as a Plant Nutrient 15.3 DeficiencyVersus Toxicity 15.4 Micronutrient Roles in Plants 15.5 Source ofMicronutrients 15.6 General Conditions Conducive to Trace ElementDeficiency/Toxicity 15.7 Factors Influencing the Availability of the TraceElement Cations 15.8 Organic Compounds as Chelates 15.9 FactorsInfluencing the Availability of the Trace Element Anions 15.10 Need forNutrient Balance 15.11 Soil Management and Trace Element Needs 15.12Conclusion Study Questions References 16 Practical Nutrient Management16.1 Goals of Nutrient Management 16.2 Environmental Quality 16.3Nutrient Resources and Cycles 16.4 Recycling Nutrients through AnimalManures 16.5 Industrial and Municipal By-Products 16.6 PracticalUtilization of Organic Nutrient Sources 16.7 Inorganic CommercialFertilizers 16.8 Fertilizer Application Methods 16.9 Timing of FertilizerApplication 16.10 Diagnostic Tools and Methods 16.11 Soil Analysis 16.12Site-Index Approach to Phosphorus Management 16.13 Broader Aspects ofFertilizer Practice 16.14 Conclusion Study Questions References 17 SoilErosion and Its Control 17.1 Significance of Soil Erosion and LandDegradation 17.2 On-Site and Off-Site Effects of Accelerated Soil Erosion17.3 Mechanics of Water Erosion 17.4 Models to Predict the Extent ofWater-Induced Erosion 17.5 Factors Affecting Interrill and Rill Erosion17.6 Conservation Tillage 17.7 Vegetative Barriers 17.8 Control of GullyErosion and Mass Wasting 17.9 Control of Accelerated Erosion on Range andForest Land 17.10 Erosion and Sediment Control on Construction Sites 17.11Wind Erosion: Importance and Factors Affecting It 17.12 Predicting andControlling Wind Erosion 17.13 Land Capability Classification as a Guide toConservation 17.14 Progress in Soil Conservation 17.15 Conclusion StudyQuestions References 18 Soils and Chemical Pollution 18.1 Toxic OrganicChemicals 18.2 Kinds of Organic Contaminants 18.3 Behavior of OrganicChemicals in Soil 18.4 Effects of Pesticides on Soil Organisms 18.5Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Organic Chemicals 18.6 Contaminationwith Toxic Inorganic Substances 18.7 Potential Hazards of Chemicals inSewage Sludge 18.8 Reactions of Inorganic Contaminants in Soils 18.9Prevention and Elimination of Inorganic Chemical Contamination 18.10Landfills 18.11 Radionuclides in Soil 18.12 Radon Gas from Soils 18.13Conclusion Study Questions References 19 Geographic Soils Information19.1 Soil Spatial Variability in the Field 19.2 Techniques and Tools forMapping Soils 19.3 Modern Technology for Soil Investigations 19.4 RemoteSensing Tools for Soils Investigations 19.5 Air Photos 19.6 SatelliteImagery 19.7 Soil Surveys 19.8 The County Soil Survey Report and ItsUtilization 19.9 Geographic Information Systems 19.10 GIS, GPS, andSite-Specific Agriculture 19.11 Conclusion Study Questions References 20Prospects for Global Soil Quality 20.1 The Concept of Soil Quality/SoilHealth 20.2 Soil Resistance and Resilience 20.3 Soils and GlobalEcosystem Services 20.4 Sustaining The Human Population 20.5 IntensifiedAgroecosystems--The Green Revolution 20.6 Effects of IntensifiedAgroecosystems on Soil Quality or Health 20.7 More People on Less Land20.8 Soils in Sustainable Agriculture for Developed Counties 20.9 Soils inSustainable Agriculture for Developing Countries 20.10 Urban Soils and SoilQuality 20.11 Future Prospects 20.12 Conclusion Study QuestionsReferences Appendix A Soil Classification: World Resource Base; Autralianand Canadian Systems Appendix B SI Units, Conversion Factors, Periodic Tableof the Elements and Scentific Names of Plants Mentioned Glossary Index