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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE WHY STUDYTHE LEGAL SYSTEM OF OTHER COUNTRIES? Provincial Benefits of an InternationalPerspective Universal Benefits of an International Perspective NeighborCooperation Multinational Cooperation APPROACHES TO AN INTERNATIONALPERSPECTIVE Historical Approach Political Approach Descriptive ApproachSTRATEGIES UNDER THE DESCRIPTIVE APPROACH The Functions/Procedures StrategyThe Institutions/Actors Strategy COMPARISON THROUGH CLASSIFICATION The Needfor Classification Classification Strategies The Role of Classification inThis Book THE STRUCTURE OF THIS BOOK SUMMARY DISCUSSION QUESTIONS CHAPTER2: CRIME, TRANSNATIONAL CRIME, AND JUSTICE COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY ANDCRIMINAL JUSTICE Comparative Criminology Looks at Crime as a SocialPhenomenon Comparing Similar Data Comparing over time Using United Nationscrime data Comparative Criminology Looks at Crime as Social BehaviorModernization Theories Civilization Theory World System Theory OpportunityTheories TRANSNATIONAL CRIME Transnational Crime Types Computer CrimeCorruption and Bribery of Public Officials, Party Officials, and ElectedRepresentatives Illicit Drug Trafficking Money Laundering Sea PiracyTheft of Art and Cultural Objects Trade in Human Body Parts Trafficking inPersons Terrorism Domestic and International Terrorism TerrorismTypologies Communist/Socialist Nationalist/Separatist Religious RESPONSETO TRANSNATIONAL CRIME National Efforts: USA International EffortsInterpol Responds to Transnational Crime The United Nations Responds toTransnational Crime SUMMARY DISCUSSION QUESTIONS CHAPTER 3: AN AMERICANPERSPECTIVE ON CRIMINAL LAW ESSENTIAL INGREDIENTS OF JUSTICE SYSTEMSSubstantive Criminal Law General Characteristics of Criminal Law MajorPrinciples of Criminal Law Procedural Criminal Law ConstitutionalProvisions for the Criminal Process Crime Control Model Due Process ModelLIBERTY, SAFETY, AND FIGHTING TERRORISM The USA PATRIOT Act--Substantive LawIssues Section 206 Section 215 Section 213 Due Process and TerroristSuspects--Procedural Law Issues Is America's Reaction That Different?SUMMARY DISCUSSION QUESTIONS CHAPTER 4: LEGAL TRADITIONS LEGAL SYSTEMS ANDLEGAL TRADITIONS TODAY'S FOUR LEGAL TRADITIONS Common Legal TraditionFeudal Practices Custom Equity Civil Legal Tradition Roman Law Canon LawCodification Socialist Legal Tradition Russian Law Law as ArtificialMarxism Leninism Socialist Legal Tradition after the USSR's Demise Islamic(Religious/Philosophical) Legal Tradition The Qur'an and Sunna Ijma andqiyas Schools of law COMPARISON OF THE LEGAL TRADITIONS Cultural ComponentPrivate and Public Law Balance/Separation of Powers Substantive ComponentPrimary Source of Common Law Primary Source of Civil Law Primary Source ofSocialist Law Primary Source of Islamic Law Procedural ComponentFlexibility in Common Law Flexibility in Civil Law Flexibility in SocialistLaw Flexibility in Islamic Law SUMMARY DISCUSSION QUESTIONS CHAPTER 5:SUBSTANTIVE LAW AND PROCEDURAL LAW IN THE FOUR LEGAL TRADITIONS SUBSTANTIVECRIMINAL LAW General Characteristics and Major Principles Substantive Lawin the Common Legal Tradition Substantive Law in the Civil Legal TraditionSubstantive Law in the Socialist Legal Tradition Substantive Law in IslamicLegal Tradition Hudud Crimes Qisas Crimes Tazir Crimes PROCEDURALCRIMINAL LAW Adjudicatory Processes Inquisitorial Process AdversarialProcess Contrasting Adversarial and Inquisitorial Processes Procedural Lawin the Islamic Legal Tradition Judicial Review Diffuse Model for JudicialReview Concentrated Model for Judicial Review Mixed Model for JudicialReview Judicial Review in the Islamic and Socialist Traditions SUMMARYDISCUSSION QUESTIONS CHAPTER 6: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON POLICINGCLASSIFICATION OF POLICE STRUCTURES Centralized Single Systems: GhanaDecentralized Single Systems: Japan Centralized Multiple CoordinatedSystems: France Gendarmerie Nationale Police Nationale DecentralizedMultiple Coordinated Systems: Germany Centralized Multiple UncoordinatedSystems: Spain Guardia Civil Cuerpo Nacional de Policia Policia MunicipalUncoordinated Policing Decentralized Multiple Uncoordinated Systems: MexicoFederal policing State policing Municipal policing Federal Districtpolicing Reform attempts POLICING ISSUES: POLICE MISCONDUCT POLICINGISSUES: GLOBAL COOPERATION International Criminal Police Organization(ICPO)--Interpol Europol Examples of Harmonization and Approximation in theEuropean Union The Schengen Convention The European Arrest Warrant SUMMARYDISCUSSION QUESTIONS CHAPTER 7: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON COURTSPROFESSIONAL ACTORS IN THE JUDICIARY Variation in Legal Training Variationin Prosecution United States France England and Wales Variation inDefense THE ADJUDICATORS Presumption of Innocence Professional Judges AnIndependent Judiciary Becoming a Judge Lay Judges and Jurors Juries LayJudges Examples along the Adjudication Continuum Saudi Arabia EnglandGermany VARIATION IN COURT ORGANIZATION France Trial Level: Police CourtTrial Level: Correctional Courts Trial Level: Assize Court Appellate Level:Courts of Appeal Appellate Level: Supreme Court of Appeal England and WalesHer Majesty's Court Service Trial Level: Magistrates' Court Trial Level:Crown Court Appellate Level: Court of Appeal Appellate Level: House ofLords Nigeria China Saudi Arabia SUMMARY DISCUSSION QUESTIONS CHAPTER8: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON CORRECTIONS COMPARATIVE PENOLOGYTypologies for Comparative Penology PUNISHMENT Justifications forPunishment International Standards for Corrections International Agreementson Corrections FINANCIAL PENALTIES Fines Day Fines Examples from Swedenand Germany Compensation to Victims and Community Donation Penalties inGermany CORPORAL AND CAPITAL PUNISHMENT International Standards CorporalPunishment Capital Punishment Retention and Abolition Around the World Whythe Variation in Acceptance? The Role of Public Opinion The Death Penaltyin China NONCUSTODIAL SANCTIONS International Standards CommunityCorrections Probation Probation's History Around the World Probation TodayCUSTODIAL SANCTIONS International Standards Prison Populations PrisonSystems South Africa Brazil India Women in Prison The Small Numbers ofWomen Prisoners The Impact of Imprisoning Drug Offenders Needs and Problemsof Women Prisoners Minorities in Prison Disparity Around the World SUMMARYDISCUSSION QUESTIONS CHAPTER 9: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON JUVENILEJUSTICE DELINQUENCY AS A WORLDWIDE PROBLEM Setting International StandardsDetermining Who Are Juveniles Determining the Process MODELS OF JUVENILEJUSTICE Welfare Model New Zealand's version of the welfare model Policeresponse Family Group Conference Youth Court Legalistic Model Preliminaryinvestigation Preliminary hearing Trial Corporatist Model Key agenciesDiversion options Youth Court Participatory Model The importance of legaleducation Other informal efforts Formal procedures SUMMARY DISCUSSIONQUESTIONS CHAPTER 10: JAPAN: EXAMPLES OF EFFECTIVENESS AND BORROWING WHYSTUDY JAPAN? Japan's Effective Criminal Justice System Borrowing in a CrossCultural Context JAPANESE CULTURAL PATTERNS Homogeneity Contextualism andHarmony Collectivism Hierarchies and Order CRIMINAL LAW Law byBureaucratic Informalism POLICING Why Are the Japanese Police Effective?Deployment of Police Officers The Citizen as Partner Policing as ServiceJUDICIARY Pretrial Activities Police Role Prosecutor Role DefenseAttorney Role Court Structure and Trial Options Court StructureAdjudication in Summary Courts Adjudication with Modified Public TrialsAdjudication with Regular Trials Judgments CORRECTIONS CommunityCorrections Probation and Parole Prison Sentences COMING FULL CIRCLE WHATMIGHT WORK SUMMARY DISCUSSION QUESTIONS