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Pretest Pretest Answers PART I: PREPARATORY 1. The ABCDs of Emergency Cardiovascular Care Introduction Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease Sudden Cardiac Death Chain of Survival - Early Recognition and Activation - Early CPR - Early Defibrillation - Early Advanced Cardiac Life Support - Integration of Post-Cardiac Arrest Care Phases of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Patient Assessment - Scene Safety - General Impression - Primary Survey - Secondary Survey Stop and Review Stop and Review Answers 2. Airway Management: Oxygenation and Ventilation Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Upper Airway - Lower Airway Lung Volumes and Capacities - Lung Volumes - Lung Capacities - Ventilation Rates Devices for Assessing Oxygenation and Ventilation - Pulse Oximetry - Carbon Dioxide Monitoring Oxygen Delivery Devices - Nasal Cannula - Simple Face Mask - Partial Rebreather Mask - Nonrebreather Mask Manual Airway Maneuvers - Head Tilt-chin Lift - Jaw Thrust - Jaw Thrust without Head Tilt Suctioning - Purpose of Suctioning - Suction Catheters - Upper Airway Suctioning - Lower Airway Suctioning Airway Adjuncts - Oral Airway - Nasal Airway Techniques of Positive Pressure Ventilation - Mouth-to-Barrier Device Ventilation - Mouth-to-Mask Ventilation - Bag-Mask Ventilation Advanced Airways - Esophageal-Tracheal Combitube - King Laryngeal Tube Airway - Laryngeal Mask Airway - Tracheal Intubation Stop and Review Stop and Review Answers 3. Rhythms and Management Introduction Section 1: Anatomy Review and Basic Electrophysiology Coronary Arteries Basic Electrophysiology - Myocardial Cell Types - Properties of Cardiac Cells - Cardiac Action Potential - Refractory Periods - Conduction System The Electrocardiogram - Electrodes - Leads - Electrocardiogram Paper - Waveforms and Complexes - Segments and Intervals Rhythm Recognition - Sinus Rhythm - Sinus Arrhythmia Section 2: Tachydysrhythmias: Too Fast Rhythms Narrow-QRS Tachycardias - Sinus Tachycardia - Atrial Tachycardia - AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia - AV Reentrant Tachycardia - Junctional Tachycardia Wide-QRS Tachycardias - Intraventricular Conduction Defects - Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm - Ventricular Tachycardia Irregular Tachycardias - Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia - Atrial Flutter and Atrial Fibrillation - Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia Section 3: Bradydysrhythmias: Too Slow Rhythms Sinus Bradycardia - What Causes It? - What Do I Do About It? Junctional Escape Rhythm - What Causes It? - What Do I Do About It? Ventricular Escape Rhythm - What Causes It? - What Do I Do About It? Atrioventricular (AV) Blocks - First-Degree AV Block - Second-Degree AV Blocks - Third-Degree AV Block Section 4: Cardiac Arrest Rhythms Ventricular Tachycardia Ventricular Fibrillation Asystole (Cardiac Standstill) Pulseless Electrical Activity The Resuscitation Team - Goals of the Resuscitation Team - Configuration of the Resuscitation Team - Code Organization - "Phase Response" - Helping the Caregivers Stop and Review Stop and Review Answers 4. Electrical Therapy Introduction Defibrillation - Definition and Purpose - Energy, Voltage, and Current - Monophasic versus Biphasic Defibrillation - Transthoracic Impedance - Defibrillation 　 Procedure Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) - AED Features - AED Operation - Special Considerations - Maintenance Synchronized Cardioversion - Description and Purpose - Procedure Defibrillation and Cardioversion - Special Considerations - Possible Complications - Possible Errors Transcutaneous Pacing - Procedure - Limitations - Possible Complications - Pacemaker Malfunction Stop and Review Stop and Review Answers 5. Acute Coronary Syndromes Introduction Pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndromes - Plaque Rupture - Thrombus Development - Coronary Artery Obstruction - Other Causes of Acute Coronary Syndromes Forms of Acute Coronary Syndromes - Unstable Angina - Myocardial Infarction History and Clinical Presentation - Patient History - Typical Symptoms - Anginal Equivalents - Atypical Presentation - Physical Examination Patient Evaluation - Electrocardiogram Findings - Cardiac Biomarkers - Imaging Studies Initial Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes - General Measures - Analgesic and Anti-ischemic Therapy - Antiplatelet Therapy - Aspirin and Clopidogrel - Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors - Anticoagulant Therapy - Percutaneous Coronary Intervention - Fibrinolytic Therapy - Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Complications of Acute Myocardial Infarction - Dysrhythmias - Ventricular aneurysm - Ventricular septal rupture - Papillary muscle rupture - Cardiac wall rupture - Hypotension - Ventricular Failure - Pericarditis - Embolic Complications Stop and Review Stop and Review Answers 6. Acute Stroke Objectives Introduction Stroke Facts Classification of Stroke by Anatomic Location Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke - Ischemic Stroke - Hemorrhagic Stroke Stroke Chain of Survival - Detection - Dispatch - Delivery - Door - Data - Decision - Drug - Disposition Stop and Review Stop and Review Answers PART II: CASE STUDIES Case 1: Respiratory Arrest Case 2: Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia/Ventricular Fibrillation with an AED Case 3: Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia/Ventricular Fibrillation Case 4: Asystole Case 5: Pulseless Electrical Activity Case 6: Acute Coronary Syndromes Case 7: Symptomatic Bradycardia Case 8: Unstable Tachycardia　 NEW! Case 9: Stable Tachycardia　 NEW! Case 10: Acute Ischemic Stroke　 NEW! Posttest - Posttest Answers Answer Appendix Glossary