内容

目次

Chapter 1 An Introduction to Contemporary Educational Testing and Measurement. Tests Are Only Tools: Their Usefulness Can Vary. Why We Developed This Text: Enhancing Test Usefulness. Tests Are Only Tools: A Video Beats a Photo. Defining Some Test–Related Terms. Types of Tests/Assessments. Recent Developments: Impact on Classroom Testing and Measurement. Effects on the Classroom Teacher. About the Text. What if You're ???No Good in Math???? Summary. For Discussion. Chapter 2 High–Stakes Testing. Contrasting NCLB and Sate High Stakes Testing Programs. High Stakes Testing: A Nationwide Phenomenon. High–Stakes Tests Are Only Tools. Why Does High–Stakes Testing Matter? The History of High–Stakes Testing. Types of High–States Tests. The High–Stakes Testing Backlash. Is There Really a High–States Testing Backlash? What Do National, Organizations Say About High–Stakes Tests? Helping Students (and Yourself) Prepare for High Stakes Tests. Summary. For Discussion. Chapter 3 Response–to–Intervention (RTI) and the Regular Classroom Teacher. What is RTI? What if You Have Not Heard of RTI Before? How New is RTI? Do Regular Education Teachers Need to Know about RTI? An RTI Scenario. How Important is RTI to Regular Education Teachers? Can a Special Education Law Reform Regular Eduction? How is RTI Supposed to Help Students and Schools? RTI Definitions, Components, and Implementation Approaches. How Widely is RTI Bring Implemented? Some of the Benefits of RTI. RTI: The Promise and Some Controversies. Summary. For Discussion. Chapter 4 The Purpose of Testing. Testing, Accountability, and the Classroom Teacher. What to Measure. How to Measure. Summary. For Discussion. Chapter 5 Norm– and Criterion–Referenced Tests and Content Validity Evidence. Defining Norm–Referenced and Criterion–Referenced Tests. Comparing Norm–Referenced and Criterion–Referenced Tests. Differences in the Construction of Norm–Referenced and Criterion–Referenced Tests. Norm– and Criterion–Referenced Tests and Linguistic and Cultural Diversity. Norm– and Criterion–Referenced and Validity Evidence. A Three–Stage Model of Classroom Measurement. Why Objectives? Why Not Just Write Test Items? How Can Instructional Objectives Make a Teacher's Job Easier? Summary. For Discussion. Objectives. Testing Method. Chapter 6 Measuring Learning Outcomes. Writing Instructional Objectives. Matching Test Items to Instructional Objectives. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. The Test Blueprint. Summary. For Practice. Chapter 7 Writing Objective Test Items. Which Format? True–False Items. Matching Items. Multiple–Choice Items. Completion Items. Gender and Racial Bias in Test Items. Guidelines for Writing Test Items. Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Objective Item Formats. Summary. For Practice. Chapter 8 Writing Essay Test Items. What Is an Essay Item? Pros and Cons of Essay Items? Suggestions for Writing Essay Items. Scoring Essay Questions. Assessing Knowledge Organization. Open Book Questions and Exams. Summary. For Practice. Chapter 9 Performance–Based Assessment. Performance Tests: Direct Measures of Competence. Performance Tests Can Assess Processes and Products. Performance Tests Can Be Embedded in Lessons. Performance Tests Can Assess Affective and Social Skills. Developing Performance Tests for Your Learners. A Final Word. Summary. For Discussion and Practice. Chapter 10 Portfolio Assessment. Rationale for the Portfolio. Developing Portfolio Assessments. Summary. For Practice. Chapter 11 Administering, Analyzing, and Improving the Test or Assessment. Assembling the Test. Administering the Test. Scoring the Test. Analyzing the Test. Debriefing. Summary. For Practice. Chapter 12 Marks and Marking Systems. What Is the Purpose of a Mark? Marking Systems. Combining and Weighting the Components of a Mark. Practical Approaches to Equating Before Weighting in the Busy Classroom. Summary. For Practice. Chapter 13 Summarizing Data and Measures of Central Tendency. What Are Statistics? Why Use Statistics? Tabulating Frequency Data. Graphing Data. Measures of Central Tendency. Summary. For Practice. Chapter 14 Variability, the Normal Distribution, and Converted Scores. The Range. The Semi–Interquartile Range (SIQR). The Standard Deviation. The Normal Distribution. Converted Scores. Summary. For Practice. Chapter 15 Correlation. The Correlation Coefficient. Summary. For Practice. Chapter 16 Validity Evidence. Why Evaluate Tests? Types of Validity Evidence. What Have We Been Saying? A Review. Interpreting Validity Coefficients. Summary. For Practice. Chapter 17 Reliability. Methods of Estimating Reliability. Interpreting Reliability Coefficients. Summary. For Practice. Chapter 18 Accuracy and Error. Error???What Is It? The Standard Error of Measurement. Why All the Fuss About Error? Sources of Error Influencing Various Reliability Coefficients. Band Interpretation. A Final Word. Summary. For Practice. Chapter 19 Standardized Tests. What Is a Standardized Test? Uses of Standardized Achievement Tests. Will Performance and Portfolio Assessment Make Standardized Tests Obsolete? Administering Standardized Tests. Types of Scores Offered for Standardized Achievement Tests. Interpreting Standardized Tests: Test and Student Factors. Interpreting Standardized Tests: Parent–Teacher Conferences and Educational Decision Making. Interpreting Standardized Tests: Score Reports from Publishers. Summary. For Practice. Chapter 20 Types of Standardized Tests. Standardized Achievement Tests. Standardized Academic Aptitude Tests. Standardized Personality Assessment Instruments. Summary. For Discussion. Chapter 21 In the Classroom: A Summary Dialogue. High–Stakes Testing and NCLB. Response–to–Intervention (RTI). Criterion–Referenced Versus Norm–Referenced Tests. New Responsibilities for Teachers under IDEA. Instructional Objectives. The Test Blueprint. Essay Items and the Essay Scoring Guides. Reliability, Validity Evidence, and Test Statistics. Grades and Marks. Some Final Thoughts. Appendix A: Math Skills Review. Appendix B: Preparing for the Praxis II: Principles of Learning and Teaching Assessment. Appendix C: Determining the Median When There are Multiple Tied Scores. Appendix D: Pearson Product–Moment Correlation. Appendix E: Statistics and Measurement Texts. Appendix F: Answers for Practice Questions. Suggested Readings. References. Credits. Index.