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Guide to Media Resources xvi PART I INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1 1 Life 3 2 Aqueous Solutions 40 3 Thermodynamic Principles: A Review 52 PART II BIOMOLECULES 65 4 Amino Acids 67 5 Nucleic Acids, Gene Expression, and Recombinant DNA Technology 82 6 Techniques of Protein and Nucleic Acid Purifications 129 7 Covalent Structures of Proteins and Nucleic Acids 163 8 Three–Dimensional Structures of Proteins 221 9 Protein Folding, Dynamics, and Structural Evolution 278 10 Hemoglobin: Protein Function in Microcosm 323 11 Sugars and Polysaccharides 359 12 Lipids and Membranes 386 PART III MECHANISMS OF ENZYME ACTION 467 13 Introduction to Enzymes 469 14 Rates of Enzymatic Reactions 482 15 Enzymatic Catalysis 506 PART IV METABOLISM 557 16 Introduction to Metabolism 559 17 Glycolysis 593 18 Glycogen Metabolism 638 19 Signal Transduction 671 20 Transport through Membranes 744 21 Citric Acid Cycle 789 22 Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation 823 23 Other Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism 871 24 Photosynthesis 901 25 Lipid Metabolism 940 26 Amino Acid Metabolism 1019 27 Energy Metabolism: Integration and Organ Specialization 1088 28 Nucleotide Metabolism 1107 PART V EXPRESSION AND TRANSMISSION OF GENETIC INFORMATION 1143 29 Nucleic Acid Structures 1145 30 DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination 1173 31 Transcription 1260 32 Translation 1338 33 Viruses: Paradigms for Cellular Function W–1 34 Eukaryotic Gene Expression W–53 35 Molecular Physiology W–165 (Chapters 33–35 are available on our website, www.wiley.com/college/voet) xii