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目次

Preface xi Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Chemical Composition ofthe Ocean 1 1.2 Distribution of Chemicals in the Ocean 7 1.3 ChapterConclusion and Outline of Book 15 Problems 16 Chapter 2: TracerConservation and Ocean Transport 19 2.1 Tracer Conservation Equation 19Advection and Diffusion Components 19 Application to Box Models 22 2.2Wind-Driven Circulation 23 Equations of Motion 27 Ekman Transport 28 GyreCirculation 30 2.3 Wind-Driven Circulation in the Stratified Ocean 33 BasicConcepts 34 Ocean Stratification 34 Geostrophic Equations 37 GyreCirculation with Stratification 37 Insights from the Potential VorticityDistribution 38 Insights from Tracers 39 Insights from the Thermal WindRelationship 42 2.4 Deep Ocean Circulation 46 Observations 46 Models 52Summary of Deep Ocean Circulation 57 2.5 Time-Varying Flows 59 MesoscaleVariability 60 Interannual to Decadal Variability 61 Tropical Variability61 Extratropical Variability 66 Problems 69 Chapter 3: Air-SeaInterface 73 3.1 Introduction 73 3.2 Gas Solubilities 75 3.3 Gas Exchange80 Stagnant Film Model 81 Laboratory Studies 83 Field Studies 86 GasTransfer Velocity Models 89 3.4 Applications 95 Problems 100 Chapter4: Organic Matter Production 102 4.1 Introduction 102 Nutrient Supply 105Light 111 Efficiency of the Biological Pump 111 Outline 114 4.2 EcosystemProcesses 115 Nutrients 115 Composition of Organic Matter 115 LimitingNutrient 117 Paradigm of Surface Ocean Nitrogen Cycling 117 Phytoplankton123 Classification of Organisms 123 Phytoplankton Distribution andProductivity 128 Modeling Photosynthesis 131 Zooplankton 135 Bacteria 1374.3 Analysis of Ecosystem Behavior 138 Role of Light Supply 139 ClassicalEcosystem Models 142 N-P Model--Bottom-up Limitation 142 N-P-ZModel--Top-Down Limitation 144 Adding the Microbial Loop 146 Multiple SizeClass Ecosystem Models 147 The Model 147 Influence of Micronutrients 149Applications 150 North Pacific versus North Atlantic 152 OligotrophicRegion 155 4.4 A Synthesis 157 The Regeneration Loop 158 The ExportPathway 158 The Role of Iron 160 Conclusions 162 Problems 168 Chapter5: Organic Matter Export and Remineralization 173 5.1 Introduction 173Nutrient and Oxygen Distributions 173 Remineralizaton Reactions 178Preformed and Remineralized Components 179 Dissolved and Particulate OrganicMatter 180 Outline 181 5.2 Oxygen 181 Separation of Preformed andRemineralized Components 181 Deep Ocean Oxygen Utilization Rates 182Thermocline Oxygen Utilization Rates 183 5.3 Nitrogen and Phosphorus 186Stoichiometric Ratios 186 Phosphate 188 The Nitrogen Cycle 189 N* as aTracer of Denitrification 189 N* as a Tracer of N2 Fixation 195 The OceanicNitrogen Budget 196 Nitrous Oxide 197 5.4 Organic Matter Cycling 200Particulate Organic Matter 200 Overview 200 Particle Flux 203 The Role ofBallast 206 Particle Remineralization 207 Models of Particle Interactions209 Dissolved Organic Matter 211 5.5 Models 215 Model Development 215Sensitivity Studies 217 Applications: Control of Oceanic Oxygen 221Problems 222 Chapter 6: Remineralization and Burial in the Sediments 2276.1 Introduction 227 Observations 227 Sediment Properties and Processes229 Remineralization Reactions 233 6.2 Sediment Diagenesis Models 236 PoreWaters 237 Solids 241 6.3 Remineralization 245 Oxic Sediments 246 AnoxicSediments 250 Dissolved Organic Carbon 253 6.4 Burial 255 The Substrate255 The Oxidant 256 Protection by Mineral Adsorption 257 Synthesis 2586.5 Organic Matter Budget 260 Problems 267 Chapter 7: Silicate Cycle270 7.1 Introduction 270 Water Column Observations 271 SedimentObservations 271 Outline 278 7.2 Euphotic Zone 278 Diatoms 278 OpalProduction and Export 280 7.3 Water Column 285 Opal 286 Silicic Acid 2887.4 Sediments 295 Opal Dissolution and Burial 295 Opal Chemistry 299 7.5Conclusion 308 Overview 308 Marine Si Budget 309 Long-Term Homeostasis 311Problems 313 Chapter 8: Carbon Cycle 318 8.1 Introduction 319 8.2Inorganic Carbon Chemistry 322 8.3 The Surface Ocean 327 Annual MeanDistribution 327 Physical Processes 328 Biological Processes 331 VectorDiagrams 334 Seasonal Variability 335 Subtropical Gyres 337 North Atlantic340 North Pacific 341 8.4 Water Column 342 Outline 342 Pump Components342 The Biological Pumps 345 The Gas Exchange Pump 347 Global Mean 347Atlantic versus Pacific 349 8.5 Carbon Pumps and Surface Fluxes 352Problems 355 Chapter 9: Calcium Carbonate Cycle 359 9.1 Introduction359 9.2 Production 362 Organisms 362 Export Estimates 363Inorganic-to-Organic Carbon Export Ratio 363 9.3 Water Column Processes 365CaCO3 Solubility 365 Variations in Saturation State 368 Carbonate IonDistribution 368 Water Column Dissolution 371 9.4 Diagenesis 374 CaCO3Dissolution in Sediments 374 Modeling CaCO3 Diagenesis 379 ModelApplications 379 Concluding Remarks 384 9.5 Calcium Carbonate Compensation384 CaCO3 Homeostat 384 CaCO3 Compensation 386 Problems 389 Chapter10: Carbon Cycle, CO2, and Climate 392 10.1 Introduction 392 GreenhouseEffect 394 Global Warming 396 Outline 398 10.2 The AnthropogenicPerturbation 399 Capacity Constraints 400 Buffering by Dissolved Carbonate400 Buffering by Sediment CaCO3 401 Buffering by Weathering 402 KineticConstraints 402 Atmospheric Pulse Response 402 Ocean Uptake and Bufferingwith Dissolved Carbonate 403 Buffering by Sediment CaCO3 405 AnthropogenicCO2 Uptake 405 Direct Estimation 406 Reconstruction of Anthropogenic CO2Inventory 408 The Atmospheric Oxygen Method 413 The Role of Biology 414Future CO2 Uptake 415 10.3 Interannual to Decadal Timescale Variability 417Tropical Variability 419 Extratropical Variability 423 10.4Glacial-Interglacial Atmospheric CO2 Changes 429 Setting the Scene 431Terrestrial Biosphere Carbon Loss 431 Salinity Changes 432 TemperatureChanges 434 Fundamental Mechanisms 435 Southern Ocean Dominance 435Equilibration of Low-Latitude Changes 436 Closing the Southern Ocean Window440 Physical Mechanisms 442 Biological Mechanisms 443 ObservationalConstraints 444 A Role for the Regions outside the Southern Ocean? 446Circulation Scenarios 447 Soft-Tissue Pump Scenarios 447 Alkalinity andCarbonate Pump Scenarios 449 A Synthesis Scenario 452 Problems 454Appendix 459 References 461 Index 495