内容

目次

Preface xi Symbols and Acronyms xvii Chapter 1: Overview 1 1.1 AFew Key Definitions 2 1.2 A Competitive Labor Market 4 1.2.1 Labor Supplyand the ReservationWage without Hours Restrictions 4 1.2.2 Aggregate LaborSupply 7 1.2.3 Labor Demand andWage Determination 9 1.2.4 Equilibrium 111.3 Labor Market Institutions 14 1.3.1 Acting on Prices 14 1.3.2 Acting onQuantities 15 1.3.3 Institutional Interactions 17 1.3.4 Why Do Labor MarketInstitutions Exist? 18 1.3.5 Product Market Competition and InstitutionalReforms 21 1.4 Technical Annex: A Simple Static Framework 24 1.4.1 ACompetitive Labor Market 24 1.4.2 Labor Market Institutions 25 1.4.3TheWedge 26 1.4.4 Product Market Competition and the Employment Bias ofInstitutions 27 Chapter 2: MinimumWages 29 2.1 Cross-CountryComparisons 30 2.2 Theory 33 2.2.1 A Competitive Labor Market 33 2.2.2 ANoncompetitive Labor Market 34 2.3 Empirical Evidence 38 2.3.1 StudiesBased on Firm-Level Data 38 2.3.2 Studies Based on Natural Experiments 392.3.3 Studies Based onWorkers' Histories 43 2.4 Policy Issues 44 2.4.1Should the MinimumWage Be Reduced or Increased? 44 2.4.2 Is the MinimumWageEffective in Reducing Earnings Inequality and Poverty? 45 2.5 Why Does aMinimumWage Exist? 46 2.6 Suggestions for Further Reading 47 2.7 ReviewQuestions 47 2.8 Technical Annex: Fine-Tuning of the MinimumWage 48Chapter 3: Unions and Collective Bargaining 51 3.1 Measures andCross-Country Comparisons 52 3.1.1 Union Density 52 3.1.2 Coverage andExcess Coverage 54 3.1.3 Coordination 56 3.2 Theory 56 3.2.1 CollectiveBargaining 57 3.2.2 Endogenous Membership 61 3.3 Empirical Evidence 663.3.1 Effects of Unions onWages 67 3.3.2 Bargaining Coordination, UnionDensity, and Unemployment 71 3.4 Policy Issues 72 3.4.1 Do Unions IncreaseEfficiency? 72 3.4.2 Should Collective Bargaining Be Decentralized? 74 3.5Why Do Unions Exist? 75 3.6 Suggestions for Further Reading 76 3.7 ReviewQuestions 76 3.8 Technical Annex: How Strong Should Unions Be in Order to BeEfficient? 77 Chapter 4: Payroll Taxes 81 4.1 Measures andCross-Country Comparisons 82 4.2 Theory 86 4.3 Empirical Evidence 90 4.4Policy Issues 92 4.4.1 Negative Income Taxes or In-Work Benefits? 92 4.4.2Tax Credits orWage Subsidies? 96 4.5 Why Do Payroll Taxes Exist? 97 4.6Suggestions for Further Reading 98 4.7 Review Questions 98 4.8 TechnicalAnnex: Taxes and Benefits in a Competitive Labor Market 98 Chapter 5:Regulation ofWorking Hours 101 5.1 Measures and Cross-Country Comparisons101 5.2 Theory 102 5.2.1 RegulatingWeeklyWorking Hours 104 5.2.2Part-TimeWork 107 5.3 Empirical Evidence 109 5.3.1 Working Hours 109 5.3.2Part-TimeWork 113 5.4 Policy Issues 116 5.4.1 Should GovernmentsRegulateWorking Hours? 116 5.4.2 Should Governments Stimulate Part-TimeLabor? 117 5.5 Why Does Regulation ofWorking Hours Exist? 117 5.6Suggestions for Further Reading 118 5.7 Review Questions 118 5.8 TechnicalAnnex: Reduction of StandardWorking Hours 119 Chapter 6: RetirementPrograms 121 6.1 Measures and Cross-Country Comparisons 122 6.2 Theory 1246.3 Empirical Evidence 125 6.3.1 Age and Employment 125 6.3.2 Age andProductivity 132 6.4 Policy Issues 134 6.4.1 Should the MandatoryRetirement Age Be Increased? 134 6.4.2 Should Early Retirement Programs BePhased Out? 135 6.5 Why Do Early Retirement Programs Exist? 136 6.6Suggestions for Further Reading 136 6.7 Review Questions 136 6.8 TechnicalAnnex: Optimal Retirement Age 137 Chapter 7: Family Policies 139 7.1Measures and Cross-Country Comparisons 140 7.2 Theory 142 7.2.1 Child CareFacilities 142 7.2.2 Parental Leave 142 7.3 Empirical Evidence 144 7.4Policy Issues 150 7.4.1 CanWork and Family Life Be Balanced? 150 7.4.2 IsThere a Trade-off between Fertility and Employment? 151 7.5 Why Do FamilyPolicies Exist? 153 7.6 Suggestions for Further Reading 153 7.7 ReviewQuestions 154 7.8 Technical Annex: Child Care Facilities and Hours ofWork154 Chapter 8: Education and Training 157 8.1 Measures andCross-Country Comparisons 158 8.2 Theory 160 8.2.1 Schooling 160 8.2.2Training 163 8.3 Empirical Evidence 165 8.3.1 Returns to Schooling 1658.3.2 On-the-Job Training 169 8.4 Policy Issues 170 8.4.1 ShouldGovernments Subsidize In-Company Training? 170 8.4.2 Should There Be aCompulsory Schooling Age? 171 8.5 Why Do Governments Provide Education andTraining? 171 8.6 Suggestions for Further Reading 172 8.7 Review Questions172 8.8 Technical Annex: Schooling and Training 172 8.8.1 OptimalYears ofSchooling 172 8.8.2 Who Pays for General Training? 174 Chapter 9:Migration Policies 175 9.1 Measures and Cross-Country Comparisons 176 9.2Theory 178 9.2.1 A Competitive Labor Market 179 9.2.2 An Economy withWageRigidities 180 9.2.3 Wage Rigidities and Unemployment Benefits 181 9.2.4What Drives Migration Decisions? 182 9.2.5 Effects on Income Distribution ofSkill-Biased Migration 183 9.3 Empirical Evidence 184 9.3.1 The LaborMarket Performance of Migrants 189 9.3.2 Fiscal Effects 190 9.4 PolicyIssues 191 9.4.1 Closing theWelfare Door? 192 9.4.2 Adopting a PointsSystem? 193 9.5 Why Do Migration Policies Exist? 194 9.6 Suggestions forFurther Reading 195 9.7 Review Questions 195 9.8 Technical Annex: Net Gainsfrom Migration and the Option Value ofWaiting 195 Chapter 10: EmploymentProtection Legislation 199 10.1 Measures and Cross-Country Comparisons 20010.2 Theory 204 10.2.1 A Neutrality Result 204 10.2.2 Removing RiskNeutrality 206 10.2.3 EPL with RigidWages 206 10.2.4 EPL as a Tax 20910.2.5 Two-Tier Regimes 210 10.3 Empirical Evidence 211 10.3.1Cross-Country Analyses 211 10.3.2 Within-Country Studies 213 10.3.3Endogeneity of EPL 214 10.4 Policy Issues 215 10.4.1 How Much ProtectionShould EPL Provide? 215 10.4.2 Whom Should EPL Be Protecting? 218 10.5 WhyDoes Employment Protection Legislation Exist? 220 10.6 Suggestions forFurther Reading 220 10.7 Review Questions 221 10.8 Technical Annex: EPL ina Search-Matching Model 221 10.8.1 A Simple Dynamic Framework 221 10.8.2Present Discounted and Flow Values 221 10.8.3 Behavior ofWorkers 222 10.8.4Matching 222 10.8.5 Firms 223 10.8.6 Wage Bargaining 223 10.8.7Introducing EPL 223 10.8.8 Baseline Parameters 224 Chapter 11:Unemployment Benefits 225 11.1 Measures and Cross-Country Comparisons 22611.2 Theory 230 11.2.1 A Competitive Labor Market 230 11.2.2 An ImperfectLabor Market 234 11.3 Empirical Evidence 238 11.3.1 Effects onReservationWage 238 11.3.2 Effects on Unemployment Duration: Aggregate Data239 11.3.3 Effects on Unemployment Duration: Microeconomic Data 240 11.3.4Effects of Unemployment on the Generosity of UBs 243 11.4 Policy Issues 24411.4.1 Why and When Should UBs Be Publicly Provided? 244 11.4.2 What Is theOptimal Structure of UBs? 246 11.5 Why Do Unemployment Benefits Exist? 24711.6 Suggestions for Further Reading 248 11.7 Review Questions 248 11.8Technical Annex: UBs in a Search-Matching Model 249 11.8.1 Effects of UBs ina Two-Sided Job Search Model 249 11.8.2 Optimal Job Search Intensity 24911.8.3 Vacancies and the Matching Function 250 11.8.4 Wage Bargaining 25111.8.5 Labor Market Participation 251 11.8.6 Balanced Budget 253 11.8.7Numerical Simulations 253 Chapter 12: Active Labor Market Policies 25512.1 Measures and Cross-Country Comparisons 256 12.2 Theory 258 12.3Empirical Evidence 263 12.3.1 Experimental Studies 264 12.3.2Nonexperimental Studies 268 12.4 Policy Issues 270 12.4.1 DoWe Need PublicEmployment Services? 271 12.4.2 DoWe Need Activation Policies? 271 12.5 WhyDo Active Labor Market Policies Exist? 272 12.6 Suggestions for FurtherReading 272 12.7 Review Questions 273 12.8 Technical Annex: ActivatingUnemployedWorkers 273 Chapter 13: Institutional Interactions 277 13.1Taxes and Unions 278 13.2 Employment Protection and Unemployment Benefits280 13.3 Unemployment Benefits and Active Labor Market Policies 282 13.4Employment Protection and Unions 284 13.5 Taxes and Unemployment Benefits285 13.6 Education and Retirement Programs 287 13.7 What Future for TheseInstitutions? 288 References 291 Index 313