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List of Figures xi List of Tables xii List of Abbreviations xiiiAcknowledgments xv Introduction 1 Labor-based Parties 3 Explaining byComparing 6 Some Possible Objections 10 Historical Overview 13 MutualAwareness 17 Chapter Summary 19 Chapter 1: Workers 23 Prosperity 23Skilled and Unskilled Workers 31 The Effect of the New Unionism 36 Workersand Farmers 39 Conclusion 47 Chapter 2: Race 49 The Extent of RacialHostility 50 The Effect in Australia 55 The Effect in the United StatesCompared 58 European Immigration 63 Conclusion 71 Chapter 3: Electionsand the Constitution 73 Early Suffrage 73 The Electoral System 77Multimember Districts 80 The Case of Illinois 82 Federalism 84Presidentialism 86 Conclusion 91 Chapter 4: The Courts 93 The CourtRepression Thesis 93 Labor Law and the Courts 95 Union Attitudes towardsPolitics 98 The Effect of Court Repression 102 Conclusion 110 Chapter5: Repression 112 Two Theses on Repression 112 The Extent of Repression 113Soldiers and Police 121 The Effect of Repression in Australia 124 TheEffect in the United States Compared 127 The Effect in Illinois Compared 133Complexities and Qualifications 139 Conclusion 141 Chapter 6:Liberalism 143 Social Egalitarianism 145 Labor Leaders in Australia 147Labor Leaders in the United States 152 Were Their Claims Plausible? 155Individual Freedom 160 Labor Leaders in Australia 160 Labor Leaders in theUnited States 164 Were Their Claims Plausible? 168 Conclusion 175Chapter 7: Religion 177 The Extent of Religious Involvement 178 The Natureof Religious Beliefs 179 Protestant Clergy 182 Catholic Clergy 184 TheResponse of Labor Leaders to Clerical Hostility 187 Religion and the PartySystem 188 The Late 1880s and the Early 1890s 193 The Effect in the UnitedStates 197 The Effect in Australia Compared 200 Conclusion 204 Chapter8: Socialism 207 Left-Wing Reform Ideologies 208 Labor Parties andLeft-Wing Factionalism 214 Socialists and Unionists in the United States 219Socialists and Unionists in Australia Compared 225 Conclusion 230Conclusion 233 Negative Findings 233 Positive Findings 237 AmericanPolitics and Society 241 Appendix: Notes and Sources for the Tables 245Notes 257 Bibliography 299 Index 337