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目次

List of Figures ix Acknowledgments xiii Chapter 1: Introduction 1PART I: ROBUSTNESS BELOW THE GENE LEVEL 13 Chapter 2: The GeneticAlphabet 15 Chapter 3: The Genetic Code 25 Chapter 4: RNA Structure 39Chapter 5: Proteins and Point Mutations 62 Chapter 6: Proteins andRecombination 78 PART II: ROBUSTNESS ABOVE THE GENE LEVEL 91Chapter 7: Regulatory DNA Regions and Their Reorganization in Evolution 93Chapter 8: Metabolic Pathways 104 Chapter 9: Metabolic Networks 120 Chapter10: Drosophila Segmentation and Other Gene Regulatory Networks 143 Chapter11: Phenotypic Traits, Cryptic Variation, and Human Diseases 161 Chapter 12:The Many Ways of Building the Same Body 175 PART III: COMMON PRINCIPLES193 Chapter 13: Neutral Spaces 195 Chapter 14: Evolvability and NeutralMutations 217 Chapter 15: Redundancy of Parts or Distributed Robustness? 228Chapter 16: Robustness as an Evolved Adaptation to Mutations 247 Chapter17: Robustness as an Evolved Adaptation to Environmental Change and Noise 270Chapter 18: Robustness and Fragility: Advantages to Variation and Trade-offs281 PART IV: ROBUSTNESS BEYOND THE ORGANISM 295 Chapter 19:Robustness in Natural Systems and Self-Organization 297 Chapter 20:Robustness in Man-made Systems 310 Epilogue: Seven Open Questions forSystems Biology 321 Bibliography 323 Index 359