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Descriptive Oceanography Introduction Physical Characteristics ofthe Oceans Distribution of Temperature and Salinity for Ocean WatersCirculation and Water Masses of the Oceans Use of Chemical Tracers inOceanography References and Further Reading Composition of the MajorComponents of Seawater Introduction Methods of DeterminationComposition and Stoichiometry of Average Seawater The Concept of SalinityMethods of Determining Salinity Causes of the Major Components Not BeingConservative Isotopic Variations References and Further Reading MinorElements In Seawater Classification of Elements Residence TimesDistribution of Trace Elements in the Oceans Biological InteractionsGeochemical Balance of Elements References and Further Reading IonicInteractions Introduction Water, the Unique Solvent Review of theStructure of Water Ion--Water Interactions Ion-Ion InteractionsPhysical Properties of Seawater References and Further Reading AtmosphericChemistry Introduction Nitrogen Gases Greenhouse Gases Effects ofGlobal Change Loss of Ozone The Global Sulfur Cycle References andFurther Reading Dissolved Gases Other than CO2 Introduction Compositionof the Atmosphere Dissolution of Gases in Seawater Air--Sea ExchangeNonreactive Gases Dissolved Oxygen in Seawater Other NonconservativeGases Structural Aspects of the Solubility of Gases Further Reading TheCarbonate System Introduction Acid-Base Equilibria in SeawaterEquilibria of Carbonate Species Parameters of the CO2 System in SeawaterDistribution of Carbonate Species CaCO3 Dissolution in Seawater FossilFuel CO2 Input to the Oceans Further Reading Micronutrients in the OceansIntroduction Phosphorus in Seawater Nitrogen Compounds in SeawaterSilicon in Seawater Use of Nutrients as Water Mass Tracers FurtherReading Primary Production in the Oceans Primary Production The IronHypothesis Microbial Transformations Dissolved and Particulate OrganicCompounds in Seawater Further Reading Processes in the OceansPhotochemical Processes in Seawater Hydrothermal Vent Chemistry AnoxicWaters Further Reading Appendices Glossary of Chemical OceanographyTerms