内容

目次

1. Introduction to Cancer. 1.1. Incidence and Mortality. 1.2. Terminology. 1.3. Metastases. 1.4 Diagnosis and Screening. 1.5. Tumorigenesis: The Formation of Cancer Cells. 1.6. The Causes of Cancer. 1.7. Treatments. 1.8. Accessibility of Therapeutic Agents to Tumour Cells. 1.9. Limiting the Toxicity of Chemotherapeutic Agents. 1.10. Overview of Mechanisms of Action of Chemotherapeutic Agents. 1.11. Drug Resistance. 1.12. Combination Chemotherapy. 1.13. Use of Adjuvants. 1.14. Cost of Cancer Care. 1.15. Conclusions. 2. The Evolution of Anticancer Therapies. 2.1. Introduction. 2.2 The Discovery of New Anticancer Agents. 2.3. Research Tools and Methodologies for Drug Discovery. 2.4. Funding the Discovery of New Anticancer Agents. 2.5. Conclusions and the future of Drug Discovery. 3. Antimetabolites. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) Inhibitors. 3.3. Thymidylate synthase Inhibitors. 3.4. Purine antimetabolites. 3.5. Pyrimidine antimetabolites. 3.6. Adenosine deaminase Inhibitors. 3.7. Ribonucleotide reductase Inhibitors. 3.8. Conclusions. 4. Anti-tubulin Agents. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Vinca alkaloids. 4.3. Halichondrin b analogues. 4.4. The taxanes. 4.5. The epothilones. 4.6. New Approaches to Targeting Microtubule-related Mechanisms. 4.7. Conclusions. 5. Nucleic Acids as Therapeutic Targets and Agents. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Alkylating Agents. 5.3. Cross-linking Agents. 5.4. Intercalating Agents. 5.5. Topoisomerase Inhibitors. 5.6. DNA-cleaving Agents. 5.7. Nucleic Acid Targeting. 5.8. DNA Repair Inhibitors. 5.9. Epigenetic-based Therapies. 5.10. Radio- and Chemo-sensitizing and Protecting Agents. 5.11. Gene Therapy. 5.12. Conclusions. 6. Small-Molecule Targeted Therapies. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2. Protein Kinase Inhibitors. 6.3. Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitors. 6.4. Cell Cycle (CDK) Inhibitors. 6.5. Proteasome Inhibitors. 6.6 Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) Pathway Inhibitors. 6.7 Apoptosis Inhibitors6.8. HDM2-p53 Interaction Inhibitors. 6.9. Retinoids. 6.10. Antimetastatic Agents. 6.11. Heat Shock Protein (HSP) Inhibitors. 6.12. Conclusions. 7. Antibody-based Therapies. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Antibodies as Single Agents (Naked Mabs). 7.3. Antibody Conjugates ("Immunoconjugates"). 7.4. Bi-specific Antibodies. 7.5. Conclusion. 8. Endocrine Therapies. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2. Breast Cancer. 8.3. Prostate Cancer. 8.4. Neuroendocrine Tumours (NETS). 8.5. Sex Hormones. 8.6. Mitotane (Lysodren®). 8.7. Sulfatase Inhibitors. 8.8 Conclusions. 9. Immunomodulatory Therapies. 9.1. Introduction. 9.2 Cytokines. 9.3. Vaccines. 9.4. Adoptive Cell-based Therapies. 9.5 Small-molecule Immunomodulatory Agents. 9.6 Conclusions. 10. Alternative Tumour Targeting Strategies. 10.1. Introduction. 10.2. Vascular-targeting Strategies. 10.3. Hypoxia-based Approaches. 10.4. Enzyme-based Approaches. 10.5. Nanoparticles and Conjugate Technologies. 10.6. Photoactivated Therapies. 10.7. Ultrasound Ablation Approaches. 10.8. Electromagnetic Approaches. 10.9. Radioactive Nanoparticles. 10.10. Intracranial Delivery. 10.11. Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). 10.12. Conclusions. 11. The Precision Medicine Approach in Oncology. 11.1. Introduction and Background. 11.2. Uses of Genomic Information. 11.3. Genetic Variability and SNPS. 11.4. Components of the Precision Medicine Approach. 11.5. Technologies in Personalised Medicine. 11.6. Applications of Precision Medicine in Oncology. 11.7. Conclusions and the Future of Precision Medicine in Oncology. 12. Chemopreventive Agents. 12.1. Introduction. 12.2. Potential Mechanisms of Chemoprevention. 12.3. Challenges Associated with the Evaluation of Chemopreventive Agents. 12.4. Naturally Occurring Chemopreventive Agents. 12.5. Synthetic Chemopreventive Agents. 12.6. Conclusions.