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Preface xiii 1 A Framework of Accountability for Nurses 1 Learning objectives 1 Introduction 1 A framework of accountability 2 The first pillar of accountability: professional accountability 4 The second pillar of accountability: ethical accountability 5 The third pillar of accountability: legal accountability 7 The fourth pillar of accountability: employment accountability 8 Conclusion 10 Useful websites 14 References 14 2 The First Pillar of Accountability: Professional Accountability 15 Learning objectives 15 Introduction 15 A classification of regulation in professional accountability 16 The function of regulation in professional accountability 18 Regulatory bodies for professional accountability 19 The Nursing and Midwifery Council 22 Other codes of conduct and guidance 27 The future of professional accountability 29 Useful websites 29 References 30 3 The Second Pillar of Accountability: Ethical Accountability 31 Learning objectives 31 Introduction 32 Autonomy 33 Paternalism 35 Utilitarianism 36 Equity 38 Best interests 39 Trust and truth 40 Acts and omissions 42 Application to accountability 44 Useful websites 44 References 45 4 The Third Pillar of Accountability: Legal Accountability 46 Learning objectives 46 Introduction 47 What is law? 48 Why is law important? 48 Where is law made? 50 How is law made? 51 Who are lawyers? 54 Types of law 55 European law and devolution in the UK 60 Application to accountability 61 Useful websites 62 References 62 5 The Fourth Pillar of Accountability: Employment Accountability 63 Learning objectives 63 Introduction 64 The employment relationship 64 Types of employment relationship 67 The contract of employment 69 Protocols and policies 70 Working Time Directive 71 Discrimination 71 Family rights 73 Unfair dismissal and redundancy 75 Health and safety 77 Application to accountability 78 Useful websites 79 References 79 6 Structures: The Health Service 81 Learning objectives 81 Introduction 81 The Health Service and devolution in the UK 82 Rights to treatment and resources 86 Quality standards 90 Application to accountability 94 Useful websites 95 References 95 7 Structures: Rights and Redress 97 Learning objectives 97 Introduction 97 Human rights 98 Redress in health care 103 Application to accountability 110 Useful websites 110 References 110 8 Concepts: Negligence 112 Learning objectives 112 Introduction 113 The first principle: duty of care 114 The second principle: breaking the duty of care 116 The third principle: causation 118 The fourth principle: compensation 119 Employers??? liability and indemnity insurance 121 Contributory negligence and time limits 122 Assault 123 Application to accountability 124 Useful website 125 References 125 9 Concepts: Consent 126 Learning objectives 126 Introduction 126 Why consent is important 127 The three principles of consent 130 Consent and young people 133 Consent and adults 136 Emergency treatment 138 Consent forms 139 Conclusion 139 Useful websites 140 References 140 10 Applications: Confidentiality 141 Learning objectives 141 Introduction 141 Legal accountability 143 Professional accountability 147 Ethical accountability 150 Employment accountability 152 Practical tips for protecting confidentiality in clinical relationships 154 Conclusion 155 Useful websites 155 References 155 11 Further Applications in Accountability 157 Learning objectives 157 Introduction 157 Abortion and conscientious objection 158 Scenario 159 Palliative care and gifts 164 Scenario 164 Conclusion 170 Useful websites 170 References 171 Index 173