内容

目次

About the authors ix Preface xi Acknowledgements xii Section 1 Principles of Health and Illness 1 Concepts of Health 3 Introduction 3 Health and illness 3 Models of health behaviour 8 Responses to illness or the threat of illness 11 References 13 2 Behaviour in Health and Illness 15 Introduction 15 Health behaviour 16 Illness behaviour 16 Psychological perspectives 19 Cultural perspectives 21 Behaviour and beliefs in health and illness 23 References 25 3 Nursing Theories and Nursing Models 27 Introduction 27 Nursing theory 28 Nursing models 32 Nursing theorists 33 References 38 4 Principles of the Nursing Process 40 Introduction 40 Stages of the nursing process 41 The nursing process and nursing models 48 References 55 Section 2 Principles of Nursing Practice 5 Essence of Care and Individualised Nursing 59 Introduction 59 Essence of Care 59 Benchmarking 61 The organisation of nursing care 64 References 69 6 Principles of Communication 72 Introduction 72 Patient participation 73 Communication 74 Securing consent 79 Ethics 82 Patient advocacy 82 References 83 7 Developing Therapeutic Relationships 85 Introduction 85 Therapeutic relationships 86 Challenges 91 Counselling 92 Defence mechanisms 93 References 94 8 Patient Education and Health Promotion 96 Introduction 96 Patient education 96 Health promotion 100 References 104 Section 3 Principles of Health Care Delivery 9 Multi–disciplinary Working 109 Introduction 109Multi–disciplinary working 109 Integrated care pathways 113 Patient journey 116 References 118 10 Decision Making 120 Introduction 120 What is decision making? 121 Decision making in nursing 122 Risks in decision making 122 Decision making theory 123 Factors affecting decision making in practice 127 References 130 11 Evidence–based Practice 133 Introduction 133 What is evidence–based practice? 134 Definitions of evidence–based practice 134 Why should practice be evidence–based? 135 What is evidence? 136 Finding???appraising???applying evidence 140 Barriers to achieving evidence–based practice in nursing 146 Resources to aid the implementation of evidence–based practice 147 Evaluating a change to practice 148 References 149 12 Environments of Care 151 Introduction 151 The need for changes to service delivery in health care 152 Environments of care 153 User involvement in health care 155 Patient choice 157 References 159 Section 4 Principles of Professional Issues 13 Modernisation and Role Development 165 Introduction 165 Modernisation 165 New initiatives 168 New roles and new skills for nurses 171 Regulation 177 References 178 14 Frameworks for Best Practice 180 Introduction 180 Clinical governance 181 Models of clinical governance 182 Implementing clinical governance 187 Support for the implementation of clinical governance 190 The cyclical nature of clinical governance: measuring performance 193 References 195 15 Practice Development and Clinical Effectiveness 198 Introduction 198 Change 199 Change theory 200 Practice development and clinical effectiveness 201 Practice development 201 Clinical effectiveness 206 Outcomes 209 References 210 16 Scope of Professional Practice 212 Introduction 212 The development of the nursing profession 213 Scope of practice and professional standards 214 Knowledge for practice 216 Professional regulation 222 The future 225 References 226 Index 230