目次

ContentsPreface to Fourth EditionPreface to Third EditionPreface to Second Edition  Preface to First Edition  Author’s Acknowledgements  Publisher’s Acknowledgements  1. What do sociolinguists study?  What is a sociolinguist?  Why do we say the same thing in different ways?  What are the different ways we say things?  Social factors, dimensions and explanations  Section I: Multilingual Speech Communities2. Language choice in multilingual communities  Choosing your variety or code  Diglossia  Code-switching or code-mixing  3. Language maintenance and shift     Language shift in different communities  Language death and language loss  Factors contributing to language shift  How can a minority language be maintained?  Language revival  4. Linguistic varieties and multilingual nations  Vernacular languages   Standard languages  Lingua francas  Pidgins and creoles  5. National languages and language planning    National and official languages  Planning for a national official language  Developing a standard variety in Norway  The linguist’s role in language planning  Section II: Language Variation: Focus on Users6. Regional and social dialects  Regional variation  Social variation    Social dialects  7. Gender and age  Gender-exclusive speech differences: non-Western communities  Gender-preferential speech features: social dialect research  Gender and social class  Explanations of women’s linguistic behaviour  Age-graded features of speech  Age and social dialect data  Age grading and language change  8. Ethnicity and social networks  Ethnicity   Social networks  9. Language change  Variation and change  How do changes spread?  How do we study language change?  Reasons for language change  Section III: Language Variation: Focus on Uses10.  Style, context and register    Addressee as an influence on style    Accommodation theory  Context, style and class  Style in non-Western societies  Register  11.  Speech functions, politeness and cross-cultural communication  The functions of speech  Politeness and address forms  Linguistic politeness in different cultures  12.  Gender, politeness and stereotypes  Women’s language and confidence  Interaction    Gossip The linguistic construction of genderThe linguistic construction of sexuality  Sexist language 13. Language, cognition and culture Language and perception Whorf  Linguistic categories and culture  Discourse patterns and culture  Language, social class, and cognition  14. Analysing Discourse Pragmatics and politeness theoryEthnography of speaking   Interactional sociolinguisticsConversation Analysis (CA)Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)15.  Attitudes and applications  Attitudes to language  Sociolinguistics and education Sociolinguistics and forensic linguistics 16.  Conclusion  Sociolinguistic competence  Dimensions of sociolinguistic analysis  Sociolinguistic universals  References  Appendix: phonetic symbols  Glossary  Index