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Preface List of Court Cases 1. Introduction to Freedom of Expression andthe American Legal System The Nature of Freedom of Speech How FreeExpression Rights Are Determined Justifications and Critiques of Freedomof Expression Conclusion 2. Historical Perspectives on Freedom ofExpression Free Expression in World Cultures Freedom of Expression inAmerica: 1600-1917 Conclusion 3. Incitement to Illegal Conduct and TrueThreats The Clear and Present Danger Test The Gitlow Decision ProtectsFreedom of Speech From State Abridgement Freedom of Speech for Communists:Clear and Present Danger? Brandenburg v. Ohio: Strengthening Protection ofSpeech The Brandenburg Rule and Contemporary CommunicationDistinguishing Incitement From True Threats Conclusion 4. NationalSecurity and Freedom of Expression A National Security Exception to theConstitution? Government Efforts to Limit Free Expression in WartimeGovernment Practices That Keep Information Secret Government Surveillanceof Its Citizens Conclusion 5. Fighting Words and the CategoricalExceptions Doctrines The Categorical Exceptions and Fighting WordsDoctrines Are Announced in Chaplinsky The Fighting Words Definition isRefined in Terminiello The Definition of Fighting Words is NarrowedR.A.V. v. City of St.Paul: Fighting Words and Categorical ExceptionsDoctrines Live On Conclusion 6. Hate Speech The Problem of Hate SpeechDo Speech Codes Violate the First Amendment? Thinking Critically AboutHate Speech Regulation Conclusion 7. Defamation: First Amendment IssuesNew York Times v. Sullivan: The Actual Malice Rule The New York TimesRule: Application of the Actual Malice Test The New York Times Rule: Proofof Actual Malice Beyond New York Times v. Sullivan: Additional FirstAmendment Protections Has the Actual Malice Rule Served Its Purpose?Conclusion 8. Obscenity and Child Pornography Obscenity Not Protected bythe First Amendment 1957-1973: The Supreme Court Struggles With Meaning ofObscenity Court Majority Agrees on Obscenity Does Context InfluenceConstitutional Protection? Critical Thinking About ObscenityDistinguishing Obscenity From Child Pornography Conclusion 9. Time, Place,and Manner Restrictions Historical Developments The Modern Time, Place,and Manner Test The Forums Held in Trust for Public Expression Time,Place, or Manner Rules: Noteworthy Controversies Conclusion 10. SymbolicExpression The Benefits of Symbolic Expression The Definitions ofSymbolic Expression The Test for Constitutional Protection of SymbolicExpression Restrictions Related to Suppression: The Flag Burning IssueConclusion 11. Technology and the First Amendment Medium-SpecificRestrictions on Expression: Early History Theories Used to JustifyBroadcast Regulation Regulation of Internet Communication Conclusion12. Privacy and Free Speech Privacy and the Search for Penumbral RightsThe Right to Privacy in One's Self The Right to Privacy Within the HomeBalancing a Right to Persuade With a Right to Privacy in Public SpacesOutside the Home The Right to Informational Privacy Conclusion 13.Access to Information A Right of Access to Government InformationJournalists' Privilege Access to Judicial Proceedings Conclusion 14.Copyright and the First Amendment Copyright Law in the United StatesCopyright Law and the First Amendment Copyright and New TechnologyConclusion 15. International and Comparative Perspectives on Freedom ofExpression The Global Freedom of Expression Landscape Cultural Valuesand Free Expression Rights Judicial Decisions on Freedom of ExpressionTwenty-First Century Technology and International Freedom of ExpressionConclusion Index About the Authors