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Section I: Esophagus Topographic Relations of the Esophagus Musculature of the Esophagus Arterial Blood Supply of the Esophagus Venous Drainage of the Esophagus Innervation of the Esophagus: Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Intrinsic Innervation of the Alimentary Tract Histology of the Esophagus Gastroesophageal Junction and Diaphragm Deglutition Neuroregulation of Deglutition Congenital Anomalies of the Esophagus Shatzki Ring Plummer-Vinson Syndrome Esophageal Dysmotility Disorders Achalasia Esophageal Diverticula Foreign Bodies in the Esophagus Caustic Injury of the Esophagus Esophageal Rupture and Perforation Esophageal Varicosities Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Esophagitis: Acute and Chronic Esophageal Ulcers Eosinophilic Esophagitis Benign Esophageal Stricture Sliding and Paraesophageal Hiatal Hernias, Types 1, 2, 3 Barrett Esophagus Benign Neoplasms of the Esophagus Malignant Neoplasms: Upper and Middle Portions of the Esophagus Malignant Neoplasms: Lower End of the Esophagus Section II: Stomach and Duodenum Anatomy of the Stomach: Normal Variations and Relations Anatomy and Relations of the Duodenum Mucosa of the Stomach Duodenal Mucosa and Duodenal Structures Blood Supply and Collateral Circulation of Upper Abdominal Organs Lymphatic Drainage of the Stomach Innervation of the Stomach and the Duodenum Gastric Secretion Factors Influencing Gastric Activity Role of the Stomach in Digestion Gastric Acid Secretion Tests: HCl and Gastrin Effect of Drugs on Gastric Function Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Coated Tongue, Halitosis, and Thrush Aerophagia and Eructation Motility of the Stomach Gastroparesis and Gastric Motility Disorders Pyloric Obstruction and the Effects of Vomiting Nausea and Vomiting Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis Diverticula of the Stomach and Gastrointestinal Prolapse Diverticula of the Duodenum Dyspepsia, Functional Dyspepsia and Nonulcer Dyspepsia Helicobacter pylori Infection Gastritis Erosive Gastritis; Acute Gastric Ulcers Peptic Ulcer Disease: Definition and Pathophysiology Peptic Ulcer Disease: Duodenitis and Ulcer of the Duodenal Bulb Peptic Ulcer Disease: Complications Gastrointestinal Bleeding Therapeutic Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Benign Tumors of the Stomach Gastric Lymphoma and MALT Cancers of the Stomach Tumors of the Duodenum Principles of Gastric Surgery Treatment of Morbid Obesity Complications of Bariatric Surgery Postgastrectomy Complications: Partial Gastrectomy Effects of Total Gastrectomy Section III: Abdominal Wall Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Peritoneum Pelvic Fascia and Perineopelvic Spaces Inguinal Canal Abdominal Regions and Planes Abdominal Wall and Cavity: Congenital Abnormalities Acute Abdomen Alimentary Tract Obstruction Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion Other Vascular Lesions Acute Peritonitis Chronic Peritonitis Cancer of the Peritoneum Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis (Familial Mediterranean Fever) Abdominal Wounds of the Small Intestine Abdominal Wounds of the Colon Indirect and Direct Inguinal Hernias Femoral Hernias Abdominal Wall: Ventral Hernias Lumbar, Obturator, Sciatic, and Perineal Hernias Internal Hernias: Congenital Intraperitoneal Hernias Section IV: Small Intestine Topography of the Small Intestine Gross Structure of the Small Intestine Microscopic Structure of the Small Intestine Terminal Ileum Secretory, Digestive and Absorptive Functions of the Small Intestine Gastrointestinal Hormones Imaging of the Small Intestine Vascular Supply and Drainage in the Small Intestine Innervation of the Small and Large Intestines Visceral Reflexes Congenital Abnormalities of the Small Intestine Meckel Diverticulum Diverticula Motility and Dysmotility of the Small Intestine Obstruction and Ileus of the Small Intestine Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Evaluation of the Small Bowel Lactose Intolerance Diarrhea Celiac Disease and Malabsorption Whipple Disease Small Bacterial Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth Syndrome(SIBO) Short Bowel Syndrome Food Allergy Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis Intussusception of the Small Intestine Benign Tumors of the Small Intestine Malignant Tumors of the Small Intestine Carcinoid Syndrome and Neuroendocrine Tumors Ileostomy, Colostomy, and Gastroenteric Stromas Section V: Colon, Rectum, and Anus Structure and Histology of the Colon Sigmoid Colon Rectum and Anal Canal Vascular, Lymphatic, and Nerve Supply of the Large Intestine Secretory, Digestive, and Absorptive Function of the Colon and Colonic Flora Probiotics Anoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy, and Colonoscopy Laparoscopy Stool Examination Intestinal Bleeding Motility and Dysmotility of the Large Intestine Defecation Pathophysiology of Defecation and Fecal Incontinence Constipation Effects of Drugs on the Colon Megacolon Sigmoid Volvulus Volvulus of the Cecum Diseases of the Appendix: Inflammation, Mucocele, and Tumors Diverticulosis: Diverticular Disease of the Colon Diverticulosis: Diverticulitis and Its Complications and Diverticular Bleeding Ulcerative Colitis: Definition and General Description Ulcerative Colitis: Extraintestinal Manifestations and Complications Ulcerative Colitis: Histologic Diagnosis and Dysplasia Ulcerative Colitis: Surgical Treatment Ileostomy and Colostomy Ileal Pouch Anal Anastomosis and Pouchitis Differentiating Features of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn Disease Crohn's Disease Crohn's Disease: Complications and Surgical Therapy Perianal Disease in Crohn Disease Drug Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Microscopic Colitis (Lymphocytic or Collagenous Colitis) Neoplasms of the Large Bowel: Colon Polyps Neoplasms of the Large Bowel: Screening and Treatment of Colon Polyps Familial Adenomatous Polyposis and Polyposis Syndromes Colon Cancer: Clinical Picture and Diagnosis Colon Cancer: Staging, Treatment, and Outcome Rectal Cancer Hemorrhoids Rectal Prolapse and Procidentia Anal Fissure, Pruritus Ani, Papillitis, and Cryptitis Anorectal Abscess and Fistula Lymphogranuloma Venereum and Sexually Transmitted Proctitis Fecal Incontinence Section VI: Infectious and parasitic Diseases of the Alimentary Tract Esophageal Infections Typhoid Fever (Paratyphoid Fever, Enteric Fever) Food Poisoning and Enteric Pathogens Clostridium difficile, Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis and Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea Gastrointestinal Tuberculosis Abdominal Actinomycosis Amebiasis Giardia lamblia and Other Protozoan Infections Intestinal Helminths : Trichuriasis Enterobiasis Ascariasis Strongyloidiasis Hookworm Disease (Necatoriasis and Ancylostomiasis) Tapeworm (Cestode) Infection (Beef): Taenia saginata Tapeworm Infection (Pork): Taenia solium Tapeworm Infection (Dwarf): Hymenolepis nana Tapeworm Infection (Fish): Diphyllobothrium latum Other Helminth Infections: Trichinella spiralis and Flukes Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the Gastrointestinal Tract Section VII: Pancreas Development and Anatomy of the Pancreas Pancreatic Ducts, Exocrine and Endocrine Organs Pancreatic Physiology Cystic Fibrosis Acute Pancreatitis: Etiology and Clinical Picture Acute Pancreatitis: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis Acute Pancreatitis: Complications Chronic Pancreatitis: Disease Forms and Clinical Picture Chronic Pancreatitis: Diagnosis, Complications, and Treatment Pancreatic Cancer: Clinical Picture Pancreatic Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Cystic Tumors of the Pancreas Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors ("Islet Cell Tumors") Section VIII: Gallbladder and Bile Ducts Anatomy and Function of the Gallbladder Gallstones Cholecystitis: Acute Cholecystitis: Complications Chronic Cholecystitis Choledocholithiasis and Cholangitis Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction Ampullary and Gallbladder Carcinoma Cholangiocarcinoma Section IX: The Liver Topography of the Liver Surfaces and Bed of the Liver Lesser Omentum and Variations in Form of the Liver Cell Types Within the Liver Vessel and Duct Distributions and Liver Segments Arterial Blood Supply of the Liver, Biliary System, and Pancreas Hepatic Artery Variations Portal Vein Tributaries and Portacaval Anastomoses Portal Vein Variations and Anomalies Liver Function Tests Prothrombin Formation Bilirubin and Bile Acid Metabolism Clinical Manifestations of Cirrhosis Physical Diagnosis of Liver Disease Causes of Portal Hypertension Ascites Hepatic Encephalopathy Hepatorenal Syndrome Variceal Bleeding Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Liver Biopsy Hepatic Necrosis Cirrhosis Imaging Studies of the Liver Alcoholic Liver Disease Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nutritional Liver Diseases Extrahepatic Biliary Obstruction Primary Biliary Cirrhosis Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Autoimmune Hepatitis Acute Viral Hepatitis (Hepatitis A, E, D) Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis Caused by Other Viruses Hepatotoxicity Disorders of Bilirubin Transport ?-Antitrypsin Deficiency Hereditary Hemochromatosis Liver Disease in Pregnancy Benign Liver Tumors Granulomatous Liver Diseases Amebiasis Wilson Disease Hepatocellular Carcinoma Liver Transplantation Spirochetal Infections Actinomycosis Echinococcosis (Hydatid Disease) Schistosomiasis The Liver in Heart Failure Portal Vein Obstruction Budd-Chiari Syndrome Bile Duct Cancer Metastatic Cancer Trauma Section X: Nutrition of Gastrointestinal Disease Dietary and Nutritional Assessment Macronutrients and Energy Micronutrient and Vitamin Deficiency Enteral Nutrition Dietary Fiber Parenteral Nutrition Malnutrition Obesity Gastrointestinal Diseases Related to Nutrition