目次

Principles of Pharmacology and ToxicologyIntroductionPharmacokineticsPharmacodynamicsSome Toxicological ConsiderationsMutagenesis and CarcinogenesisDNA and Cell RepairFetal ToxicologyPopulation and PollutionReview QuestionsAnswersFurther ReadingRisk Analysis and Public Perceptions of Risk: Risky BusinessIntroductionAssessment of Toxicity versus RiskPredicting Risk: Workplace versus the EnvironmentEnvironmental MonitoringSetting Safe Limits in the WorkplaceSome Important DefinitionsEnvironmental Risks: Problems with Assessmentand Public PerceptionsSome Examples of Major Industrial Accidents and Environmental Chemical Exposures with Human Health ImplicationsSome Legal Aspects of RiskStatistical Problems with Risk AssessmentRisk ManagementThe Precautionary PrincipleReview QuestionsAnswersFurther ReadingCase Studies 1-2Water and Soil PollutionIntroductionFactors Affecting Toxicants in WaterSome Important DefinitionsToxicity Testing in Marine and Aquatic SpeciesWater QualityHealth Hazards of Pesticides and Related ChemicalsAcidity and Toxic MetalsChemical Hazards from Waste DisposalToxicants in the Great Lakes: Implications forHuman Health and WildlifeGlobal Warming and Water Levels in the Great LakesMarine EnvironmentBiological Hazards in Drinking WaterWalkerton Water CrisisReview QuestionsAnswersReferenceFurther ReadingAirborne HazardsIntroductionTypes of Air PollutionSources of Air PollutionAtmospheric Distribution of PollutantsTypes of PollutantsHealth Effects of Air PollutionAdverse Effects of Aerial SprayingAir Pollution in the WorkplaceChemical Impact of Pollutants on the EnvironmentClimate ChangeNatural Factors and Climate ChangeRemediesReview QuestionsAnswersReferenceFurther ReadingCase Studies 3-8Halogenated Hydrocarbons and Halogenated Aromatic HydrocarbonsIntroductionEarly Examples of Toxicity from Halogenated HydrocarbonsPhysicochemical Characteristics and Classes of Halogenated HydrocarbonsReview QuestionsAnswersFurther ReadingCase Studies 9-10Toxicity of MetalsIntroductionLeadMercuryCadmiumArsenicChromiumOther MetalsCarcinogenicity of MetalsUnusual Sources of Heavy Metal ExposureReview QuestionsAnswersFurther ReadingCase Studies 11-13Organic Solvents and Related ChemicalsIntroductionClasses of SolventsSolvent-Related Cancer in the WorkplaceFactors Influencing the Risk of a Toxic ReactionNonoccupational Exposures to SolventsReview QuestionsAnswersFurther ReadingCase Studies 14-16Food Additives, Drug Residues, and Food ContaminantsFood AdditivesDrug ResiduesHormones as Growth Promotants in LivestockNatural Toxicants and Carcinogens in Human FoodsHerbal RemediesNatural Carcinogens in FoodsReview QuestionsAnswersReferenceFurther ReadingCase Studies 17PesticidesIntroductionClasses of InsecticidesHerbicidesFungicidesGovernment Regulation of PesticidesProblems Associated with PesticidesBalancing the Risks and BenefitsToxicity of Pesticides for HumansReview QuestionsAnswersFurther ReadingCase Studies 18-19Mycotoxins and Other Toxins from Unicellular OrganismsIntroductionSome Health Problems Associated with MycotoxinsSome Specific MycotoxinsEconomic Impact of MycotoxinsDetoxification of GrainsOther Toxins in Unicellular Members of the Plant KingdomReview QuestionsAnswersFurther ReadingAnimal and Plant PoisonsIntroductionToxic and Venomous AnimalsFreshwater AlgaeToxic and Venomous Land AnimalsVenomous ArthropodsToxic Plants and MushroomsReview QuestionsAnswersFurther ReadingCase Studies 20-26Environmental Hormone DisruptersIntroductionLake Apopka IncidentBrief Review of the Physiology of Estrogens and AndrogensDisruption of Endocrine FunctionPlastic-Associated ChemicalsPhytoestrogensResults of Human Studies on XenoestrogensEffects of Xenoestrogens and Phytoestrogens in Livestock and WildlifeProblems in Interpreting and Extrapolating Results to the Human SettingReview QuestionsAnswersReferencesFurther ReadingCase Study 27Radiation HazardsIntroductionSources and Types of RadiationMeasurement of RadiationSome Major Nuclear Disasters of Historic and Current ImportanceRadon Gas: The Natural RadiationTissue Sensitivity to RadiationMicrowavesCell Phone Use and Brain TumorsUltraviolet RadiationExtra-Low Frequency Electromagnetic RadiationIrradiation of FoodstuffsIrradiation of Insect PestsReview QuestionsAnswersFurther ReadingCase Study 28Gaia and Chaos: How Things Are ConnectedThe Gaia HypothesisChaos TheoryOther Examples of Interconnected SystemsFood Production and the EnvironmentThe Environment and CancerFurther ReadingCase Study ReviewsIndex