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1.Introduction 2.Consumer Collective Redress Mechanisms InitialConsumerist Models France Differentiation between Public and Private Modelsin National Enforcement Model A: Primacy of Public Bodies The UK UKConsumer Protection Law Compensation Orders UK Competition Law The NordicModel Nordic Compensation Schemes: Medical and Drug Injuries and Road TrafficAccidents The Netherlands Model B: Emphasis on Private Sector BodiesPortugal Spain The CEE Situation Issues with the Involvement of CivilSociety Organisations Experimentation and Reform Conclusions 3.Court Rulesfor Multiple Claims Introduction The English GLO Experience with EnglishGroup Actions Ireland Sweden The Netherlands Germany Italy PossibleIntroduction of Procedures in Other Member States France Poland Conclusionson the Newer Damages Mechanisms Principles: Rights versus Efficiency?Criteria Settlement An Issue of Evolution 4.Collective Redress at EuropeanLevel: Existing Mechanisms The EU Legislative Background Legal Competence EUPolicy on Civil Justice Systems Alternative Dispute Resolution Evolution ofConsumer Collective Redress Misleading Advertising Unfair Terms in ConsumerContracts The 'Injunctions Directive' The Consumer Protection CooperationRegulation The Unfair Commercial Practices Directive Other EU CollectiveMechanisms Intellectual Property Enforcement Late Payments ePrivacyDirective Environmental Protection Compensation for Crime Victims Conclusions5.Technical Issues Similarity or Difference? Opt-in and Opt-out: BindingSolutions, Avoiding Abuse and Delivering Justice Binding Effect andInclusivity Fundamental Rights Funding and Cost ConsiderationsDiscussion Conclusions 6.The Problems that Need to be Avoided UndesirableConsequences The Australian Tort Crisis The England and Wales ProductLiability Cases Conclusion: Abuse Could Happen Anywhere Issues for Europe7.Towards a European Collective Approach to Damages The Developing DebateConsumer Protection Evidence of Need in Consumer Protection: a Compensationor Market Rectification Issue? Competition Damages and Enforcement The 2008Competition Damages White Paper Evidence of Need: a Competition Deficit? TheChallenges at EU Level: Different National Models The Policy Options forEurope Conclusion: Summary of the Issues 8.The Policy Rationales for andGoals of Collective Redress Access to Justice Enhancing the EconomyRegulation Through Litigation Deterrence and Behaviour ModificationRegulatory and Enforcement Theory Penalties and Sanctions Theory: RestorativeJustice Practical Examples Conclusions 9. Evaluating the Options EstablishingCriteria 1. The Private Litigation Model 2. A Public Body Approach 3. TheVoluntary and ADR Approach 4. The NGO Approach Evaluating the Options-and aHolistic Approach 10.Summarising the Findings and Challenges for EuropeConsumer Protection Competition Law Conflicting Models of InfluencingBehaviour Policy Objectives Redress and Justice