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INTRODUCTION: GREEN CHEMISTRY AND CATALYSIS E Factors and Atom Efficiency The Role of Catalysis The Development of Organic Synthesis Catalysis by Solid Acids and Bases Catalytic Reduction Catalytic Oxidation Catalytic C–C Bond Formation The Question of Solvents: Alternative Reaction Media Biocatalysis Renewable Raw Materials and White Biotechnology Enantioselective Catalysis Risky Reagents Process Integration and Catalytic Cascades SOLID ACIDS AND BASES AS CATALYSTS Solid Acid Catalysis Solid Base Catalysis Other Approaches CATALYTIC REDUCTIONS Heterogeneous Reduction Catalysts Homogeneous Reduction Catalysts Biocatalytic Reductions CATALYTIC OXIDATIONS Mechanisms of Metal–catalyzed Oxidations Alkenes Alkanes and Alkylaromatics Oxygen–containing Compounds Heteroatom Oxidation Asymmetric Oxidation CATALYTIC CARBON–CARBON BOND FORMATION Enzymes for Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation Transition Metal Catalysis HYDROLYSIS Hydrolysis of Esters Hydrolysis of Amides Hydrolysis of Nitriles CATALYSIS IN NOVEL REACTION MEDIA Two Immiscible Organic Solvents Aqueous Biphasic Catalysis Fluorous Biphasic Catalysis Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Ionic Liquids Biphasic Systems with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Thermoregulated Biphasic Catalysis CHEMICALS FROM RENEWABLE RAW MATERIALS Carbohydrates Chemical and Chemoenzymatic Transformations of Carbohydrates into Fine Chemicals and Chiral Building Blocks Fats and Oils Terpenes Renewable Raw Materials as Catalysts Green Polymers from Renewable Raw Materials PROCESS INTEGRATION AND CASCADE CATALYSIS Dynamic Kinetic Resolutions by Enzymes Coupled with Metal Catalysts Combination of Asymmetric Hydrogenation with Enzymatic Hydrolysis Catalyst Recovery and Recycling Immobilization of Enzymes EPILOGUE: FUTURE OUTLOOK Green Chemistry: The Road to Sustainability Catalysis and Green Chemistry The Medium is the Message Metabolic Engineering and Cascade Catalysis