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IntroductionPart I Terms and Topics 1. Origins of OperaThe ultimate Baroque expression Baroque CharacteristicsThe Florentine Camerata: Opera's First TheoristsFrom Polyphony to Monody: Solo SongMonody as Recitative Opera's forerunnersThe IntermedioLearned Comedy (Commedia erudite) Italian Folk Comedy (Commedia dell'arte)Pastoral DramaChurch pageants (Sacre Rappresentazioni)Sidebar: Claudio MonteverdiSummaryTerminologyAria StrophicThrough-composedDa capoDal segnoCavatina CantabileCabalettaRecitativeThe rhythm of languageDry (secco)Accompanied (accompagnato)SimpleMesuréeEnsemblesDuets and triosQuartets and larger ensemblesScenaMultipartite finalesVocal ranges (with sample roles)Musical Scores and EditionsAutographs/holographsFull orchestralPiano-vocalIndividual selectionsScholarly editionsPerforming editionsSummary2. Music and Text RelationshipsThe librettoPoetry and musical structuresCompositional strategiesSubjects, themes, and musical expressionSummary3. Opera in TheatersPatronagePublic TheatersEconomics of operaHistoric HousesSummary4. History of Opera on Media RecordingsOpera on musical boxesThe earliest recordingsOpera on LPs and CDsOperas on video and DVDFilm versionsSummary5. ProfessionsComposersLibrettistsSingersThe ImpresarioConductors and DirectorsMusicians and DancersCriticsSummary6. Opera as a Mirror of Culture and SocietyCultural ExpressionOpera as class symbolOperatic seasons and societyCensorshipOpera and religionGender politics NationalismThe Role of the AudienceSummaryPART IIGenres and Styles7. Serious OperaOpera seriaTragedie lyriqueOpéra comiqueMusic drama and GesamptkunstwerkSummary8. Comic OperaOpera buffaFarsaIntermezzoDramma giocosoOpéra comiqueOpéra bouffeSummary9. Semi-serious OperaOpera semiseriaOperettaSummary10. Vernacular OperaSingspielZarzuelaSemi-operaBallad operaSummary