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INTRODUCTION Background to the Science of Environmental Change - John A.Matthews, Patrick J. Bartlein, Keith R. Briffa, Alastair G. Dawson, Anne DeVernal, Tim Denham, Sherilyn C. Fritz and Frank Oldfield PART ONE: APPROACHESTO UNDERSTANDING ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Philosophical and MethodologicalPerspectives on the Science of Environmental Change - Stephan HarrisonDirect Observation and Monitoring of Climate and Related Environmental Change- Keith D. Alverson Reconstructing and Inferring Past Environmental Change -Frank M. Chambers Dating Environmental Change and Reconstructing Chronologies- Mike J.C. Walker Modelling Environmental Change and Developing FutureProjections - Reto Knutti Approaches to Understanding Long-TermHuman-Environment Interaction - John A. Dearing Past, Present and FuturePART TWO: EVIDENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND THE GEO-ECOLOGICAL RESPONSEEnvironmental Change in the Geological Record - Jane E. Francis, Alan M.Haywood, Daniel Hill, Paul Marwick and Claire Mcdonald Evidence ofEnvironmental Change from the Coastal and Marine Realm - Ian D. Goodwin andWilliam R. Howard Evidence of Environmental Change from the Cryosphere -Shawn Marshall Evidence of Environmental Change from TerrestrialPalaeohydrology - Wim Hoek Evidence of Environmental Change from Terrestrialand Freshwater Palaeoecology - Alison J. Smith Evidence of EnvironmentalChange from Aeolian and Hillslope Sediments and Other Terrestrial Sources -Joseph A. Mason Environmental Change and Archaeological Evidence - Tim DenhamEvidence of Environmental Change from Annually-Resolved Proxies WithParticular Reference to Dendroclimatology and the Last Millennium - EugeneR. Wahl and David Frank Early-Instrumental and Documentary Evidence ofEnvironmental Change - Cary J. Mock PART THREE: CAUSES, MECHANISMS ANDDYNAMICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Plate Tectonics, Continental Drift,Vulcanism and Mountain Building - Paul Bishop Extraterrestrial Causes ofEnvironmental Catastrophes - Elisabetta Pierazzo and H. Jay MeloshAstronomical Theory and Orbital Forcing - Andre Berger Millennial-ScaleClimatic Events during the Last Glacial Episode - Siwan M. Davies and AndersSvensson Solar and Volcanic Forcing of Decadal- to Millennial-Scale ClimaticVariations - Raimund Muscheler and Eric Fischer Ocean-Atmosphere Interactionson Interannual to Decadal Timescales - Mathias Vuille and Rene D. GarreaudResponses of Biogeochemical Cycles in the Sea to Environmental Change -Thomas F. Pedersen and Rainer Zahn Anthropogenic Drivers of EnvironmentalChange - Jemma L. Gornall, andrew J. Wiltshire and Richard A. Betts PARTFOUR: HUMAN-INDUCED ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES AND THEIR IMPACTS ON GEO-ECOSYSTEMSMonitoring of Global Land-Cover - Sietse O. Los and Jamie Williams HumanImpacts on Terrestrial Biota and Ecosystems - Craig Miller and Iain GordonHuman Impacts on Lacustrine Ecosystems - Richard W. Battarbee, Helen Bennion,Peter Gell and Neil Rose Human Impacts on Coastal and Marine Geo-Ecosystems -Ben Daley Human Impacts on the Atmosphere - Kevin J. Noone PART FIVE:PATTERNS, PROCESSES AND IMPACTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AT THE REGIONAL SCALEEnvironmental Change in the Humid Tropics and Monsoonal Regions - Mark Bushand Will D. Gosling Environmental Change in the Arid and Semi-Arid Regions -Yang Xiaoping Environmental Change in the Mediterranean Region - MiraBar-Matthews Environmental Change in the Temperate Forested Regions - MattMcglone, Jamie Wood and Patrick J. Bartlein Environmental Change in theTemperate Grasslands and Steppe - Pavel E. Tarasov, John W. Williams, Jed O.Kaplan, Hermann A-sterle, Tatiana V. Kuznetsova and Mayke WagnerEnvironmental Change in the Arctic and Antarctic - Marianne S.V. DouglasEnvironmental Change in Mountain Regions - Martin Beniston EnvironmentalChange in Coastal Areas and Islands - Patrick Nunn PART SIX: PAST, PRESENTAND FUTURE RESPONSES OF PEOPLE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Testing the Role ofClimate Change in Human Evolution - S.P.E. Blockley, I. Candy and S.M.Blockley The Origins and Spread of Early Agriculture and Domestication -Deborah Pearsall and Peter W. Stahl Environmental and CulturalConsiderations Complexity, Causality and Collapse - Georgina EndfieldSocial Discontinuity in History and Prehistory Vulnerability and Resilienceof Contemporary Societies to Environmental Change - Donald R. Nelson Disease,Human and Animal Health, and Environmental Change - Matthew Baylis and AndrewP. Morse Policy and Management Options for the Mitigation of EnvironmentalChange - Katie Moon and Chris Cocklin Socio-Economic Adaptation toEnvironmental Change - Chris J. Barrow Towards Sustainable Development