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List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Preface 1. An Introduction to Language Science Language Characteristics Grammar, Language Origins, and Non–Human Communication Systems Language and Thought A Description of the Language Processing System Summary and Conclusions Test Yourself 2. Speech Production and Comprehension Speech Production Articulation Foreign Accent Syndrome Revisited Speech Perception Summary and Conclusions Test Yourself 3. Word Processing The Anatomy of a Word: How We Mentally Represent Word Form Lexical Semantics Lexical Access Lexical Ambiguity Resolution The Neural Basis of Lexical Representation and Lexical Access Summary and Conclusions Test Yourself 4 Sentence Processing Models of Parsing: Two–Stage Models Models of Parsing: Constraint–based Models Interim Summary Argument Structure Hypothesis Limitations, Criticisms, and Some Alternative Parsing Theories Parsing Long–Distance Dependencies Summary and Conclusions Test Yourself 5 Discourse Processing Construction???Integration Theory The Structure Building Framework The Event Indexing Model Causation, Cohesion and Coherence in Discourse Encoding and Memory The Role of General World Knowledge in Discourse Processing Building Situation Models Inferencing: Memory–Based Account of Discourse Processing: Minimalist vs.Constructionist Inferencing The Neural Basis of Discourse Comprehension Summary and Conclusions Test Yourself 6 Reference Characteristics of Referents That Make Co–Reference Easier Characteristics of Anaphors That Make Co–Reference Easier The Relationship between an Anaphor and Possible Referents Affects Anaphor Resolution Binding Theory Psycholinguistic Theories of Anaphoric Reference Summary and Conclusions Test Yourself 7 Non–Literal Language Processing Types of Non–Literal Language The Standard Pragmatic View Metaphor Why Metaphor? Metonymy and Underspecification Idioms and Frozen Metaphors Embodiment and the Interpretation of Non–Literal Language The Neural Basis of Non–Literal Language Interpretation Summary and Conclusions Test Yourself 8 Dialogue Gricean Maxims Dialogue is Interactive Common Ground Audience Design Effects of Listeners??? Perspective–Taking on Comprehension Summary and Conclusions Test Yourself 9 Language Development in Infancy and Early Childhood Prenatal Learning Infant Perception and Categorization of Phonemes Solving the Segmentation Problem Statistical Learning and Speech Segmentation Interim Summary Learning Word Meanings Acquisition of Morphological and Syntactic Knowledge Summary and Conclusions Test Yourself 10 Reading Speed Reading? Eye Movement Control and Reading Oculomotor and Cognitive Control Theories of Reading Cognitive Processing in Reading I Cognitive Processing in Reading II: Visual Word Processing Dyslexia: Single–Deficit Models Dyslexia: Dual–Route and Single–Route Explanations Summary and Conclusions Test Yourself 11 Bilingual Language Processing Mary Potter and the Secrets of Bilingualism Languages Are Simultaneously Active During Comprehension and Production Models of Language Control in Bilingual Speakers Bilingualism and Executive Control Teaching Techniques and Individual Differences in Second Language Learning The Neural Bases of Bilingualism Summary and Conclusions Test Yourself 12 Sign Language Characteristics of Signed Languages Lexical Access in Sign Language Sign Language Acquisition and Language Evolution Reading in Deaf Signers The Neural Basis of Sign Language: Left–Hemisphere Contributionsto Production and Comprehension Does the Right Hemisphere Play a Special Role in Sign Language?   The Effects of Deafness and Learning Sign Language on Cognitive Processing Cochlear Implants Summary and Conclusions Test Yourself 13 Aphasia Aphasiology: What Happens to Language When the Brain Is Damaged? Broca???s Aphasia, Wernicke???s Aphasia, and Syntactic Parsing Treatment and Recovery from Aphasia Summary and Conclusions Test Yourself 14 Right–Hemisphere Language Function Speech Perception and Production Word Processing Right–Hemisphere Contributions to Discourse Comprehension and Production Right–Hemisphere Contributions to Non–Literal Language Understanding What You Can Do with One Hemisphere Why Lateralization? Summary and Conclusions Test Yourself Name Index Subject Index