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List of Illustrations viii List of Maps x Series Editor’s Preface xi Introduction to Burton Stein’s A History of India xiv Acknowledgements to First Edition xxii PART I 1 1 Introduction 7 The Physical Setting 8 The Social Setting 14 Resituating Communities and States 21 Historian’s Choice 35 PART II ANCIENT INDIA 37 Chronology 38 2 Ancient Days 39 The Pre–formation of Indian Civilization 39 Vedic Culture 46 Political and Religious Developments 53 Religion in the Later Vedic Period 59 The Nature of the Mauryan Kingdom 68 Towards the Classical Pattern 75 Early Hinduism 79 Developments in the South 84 The Age of the Early Empires 85 The Gupta Classical Pattern 90 The Classical Pattern Elaborated and Extended: the South 96 PART III MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN INDIA 103 Chronology 104 3 Medieval India 105 Introduction 105 Medieval Kingdoms 110 The Role of the Southern Kingdoms 124 The Advent of Islam 129 The Indian Development of Islam 138 The Deccan and the South 146 Vijayanagara 147 States and Communities 150 4 Early Modern India 155 Introduction 155 The Mughal Empire 159 The Wars of the Mughal Succession 171 The Last Act of the Mughals 179 The Maratha Moment 185 The Shadow of Europe 193 5 The East India Company 196 Introduction 196 The Joint Trajectory of Development 201 The Company Perpetuates the Past 211 The Emergence of a New Order 215 Mutiny and Revolt 222 Late Company Rule 223 PART IV CONTEMPORARY SOUTH ASIA 225 Chronology 226 6 The Crown Replaces the Company 227 The Contemporary State 227 After the Mutiny 229 The Rule of the Raj 239 The Political Economy of the Late Nineteenth Century 247 Cultural Change, Education and New Classes 253 The Politicization of Class, Caste and Gender 262 7 Towards Freedom 274 Two Types of Nationalism 274 Early Congress and Its Adversaries 277 War, Sacrifice and Mass Political Mobilization 287 Imperialism’s Paradoxical Enemy 289 The First Campaigns 294 Between Campaigns 299 Conditions for a New Politics 306 8 Gandhi’s Triumph 308 Civil Disobedience 308 The Left in Politics 325 The Right Prevails 332 War and the Last Act Begins 338 The Bitter Victory of Partition 348 9 New States, Old Nations 357 Territorial Passage 357 The Promises of Independence 358 Pakistan in Parallel 368 The Green Revolution: Promise of Plenty 376 Environmental Problems, Old and New 377 The Condition of Women: Broken Promises 384 Communal Politics: Shattered Pluralism 388 India and the World 393 Promises Kept, Promises Broken 396 10 Another India 398 The Nehruvian Consensus 399 Eroding Consensus 402 Failure on the Left 406 Hindu Nationalism 409 Rise of the Hindu Right 410 Economic Liberalization 413 The Indian State 417 Notes 421 Glossary of Non–English Terms 425 Further Reading 430 Index 435