内容

目次

I BACKGROUND IDEAS  1. Consequences  1.1 Relations of support  1.2 Logical consequence: the basic recipe  1.3 Valid arguments and truth  1.4 Summary, looking ahead, and reading  2. Language, Form, and Logical Theories  2.1 Language  2.2 Atoms, connectives, and molecules  2.3 Connectives and form  2.4 Validity and form  2.5 Language and formal languages  2.6 Logical theories: rivalry  3. Set-theoretic Tools  3.1 Sets  3.2 Ordered sets: pairs and n-tuples  3.3 Relations  3.4 Functions  3.5 Sets as tools. II BASIC CONNECTIVES  4. Classical Theory  4.1 Cases: complete and consistent  4.2 Classical ‘truth conditions’  4.3 Basic classical consequence  4.4 Motivation: precision  4.5 Formal picture  4.6 Defined connectives  4.7 Some notable valid forms  4.8 Summary and looking ahead  5. A Paracomplete Theory  5.1 Apparent unsettledness  5.2 Cases: incomplete  5.3 Paracomplete truth and falsity conditions  5.4 Paracomplete consequence  5.5 Formal picture  5.6 Defined connectives  5.7 Some notable forms  5.8 Summary and looking ahead  6. A Paraconsistent Theory  6.1 Apparent overdeterminacy  6.2 Cases: inconsistent  6.3 Paraconsistent ‘truth conditions’  6.4 Paraconsistent consequence  6.5 Formal picture  6.6 Defined connectives  6.7 Some notable forms  6.8 Summary and looking ahead.  III INNARDS, IDENTITY, AND QUANTIFIERS  7. Atomic Innards  7.1 Atomic innards: names and predicates  7.2 Truth and falsity conditions for atomics  7.3 Cases, domains, and interpretation functions  7.4 Classical, paracomplete and paraconsistent  7.5 A formal picture  7.6 Summary and looking ahead  8. Identity  8.1 Logical expressions and logical form  8.2 Validity involving identity  8.3 Identity: informal sketch  8.4 Truth conditions: informal sketch  8.5 Formal picture  8.6 Summary and looking ahead  9. Everything and Something  9.1 Validity involving quantifiers  9.2 Quantifiers: an informal sketch  9.3 Truth and falsity conditions  9.4 A formal picture  9.5 Paraconsistent, paracomplete, classical  9.6 Summary and looking ahead.  IV FREEDOM, NECESSITY, AND BEYOND  10. Speaking Freely  10.1 Speaking of non-existent ‘things’  10.2 Existential import  10.3 Freeing our terms, expanding our domains  10.4 Truth conditions: an informal sketch  10.5 Formal picture  11. Possibilities  11.1 Possibility and necessity  11.2 Towards truth and falsity conditions  11.3 Cases and consequence  11.4 Formal picture  11.5 Remark on going beyond possibility  12. Glimpsing Different Logical Roads  12.1 Other conditionals  12.2 Other negations  12.3 Other alethic modalities: actuality  12.4 Same connectives, different truth conditions  12.5 Another road to difference: consequence. A List of Common Abbreviations. References.