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Preface to Second Edition. Preface. Note to the Instructor. Chapter 1: Phonetics. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Phonetic Transcription. 1.3 Description and Articulation of Sounds of English. 1.3.1 The vocal tract. 1.3.2 Voicing. 1.3.3 Places of articulation. 1.3.4 Manners of articulation. 1.3.5 Voice onset time. 1.3.6 Vowels and diphthongs. 1.4 Additional Sounds. 1.4.1 States of the glottis. 1.4.2 Places and manners of articulation. 1.4.3 Secondary articulations. 1.4.4 Consonants made with non–pulmonic airstream mechanisms. 1.4.5 Vowels. 1.5 Cardinal Vowels. 1.6 Syllables and Suprasegmentals Summary. Exercises. Chapter 2: Phonology. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Complementary versus Overlapping Distribution. 2.2.1 Overlapping distribution and contrast. 2.2.2 Complementary distribution. 2.3 Phonemic Analysis: A Mini–demo. 2.4 Free Variation. 2.5 Morphophonology. 2.6 Practical Uses of Phonological Analysis. Summary. Exercises. Chapter 3: English Consonants. 3.1 Stops. 3.2 Fricatives. 3.3 Affricates. 3.4 Nasals. 3.5 Approximants. 3.6 Sociophonetic Variation. Summary. Exercises. Chapter 4: English Vowels. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Vowel Set of American English. 4.2.1 Phonetic properties of vowels. 4.2.2 Tense???lax. 4.2.3 Nasalized vowels. 4.2.4 Length. 4.2.5 Vowels before /@/. 4.2.6 Vowels before /l/. 4.3 Front Vowels. 4.4 Central Vowels. 4.5 Back Vowels. 4.6 Diphthongs. 4.7 Sociophonetic Variation. 4.8 Non–US Varieties. 4.9 Full Vowels???Reduced Vowels. 4.10 Full (Strong) Forms versus Reduced (Weak). Forms of Function Words. Summary. Exercises. Chapter 5: Acoustics of Vowels and Consonants. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Vowels. 5.3 Diphthongs. 5.4 Consonants. 5.4.1 Stops. 5.4.2 Fricatives. 5.4.3 Affricates. 5.4.4 Approximants. 5.4.5 Nasals. 5.5 Putting It Together. 5.6 Context. 5.7 Practical Applications: Some Examples. Summary. Appendix. Exercises. Chapter 6: Syllables. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Number of Syllables. 6.3 Sonority. 6.4 Syllabification. 6.5 English Syllable Phonotactics. 6.5.1 Single onsets. 6.5.2 Double onsets. 6.5.3 Triple onsets. 6.5.4 Codas. 6.5.5 Double codas. 6.5.6 Triple codas. 6.6 Written Syllabification. 6.7 Syllable Weight and Ambisyllabicity. 6.8 Practical Applications. Summary. Exercises. Chapter 7: Stress and Intonation. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Noun and Adjective Stress. 7.3 Verb Stress. 7.4 Secondary Stress. 7.5 Affixes. 7.5.1 Stress–bearing (attracting) suffixes. 7.5.2 Stress–neutral suffixes. 7.5.3 Stress–shifting (fixing) suffixes. 7.6 Stress in Compounds. 7.7 Differences between American and British English. 7.8 Intonation. 7.9 Variations among the Varieties. Summary. Exercises. Chapter 8: Structural Factors in Second Language Phonology. 8.1 Introduction . 8.2 Mini Contrastive Analyses. 8.2.1 Spanish???English. 8.2.2 Turkish???English. 8.2.3 Greek???English. 8.2.4 French???English. 8.2.5 German???English. 8.2.6 Arabic???English. 8.2.7 Russian???English. 8.2.8 Korean???English. 8.2.9 Portuguese???English. 8.2.10 Persian (Farsi)???English. 8.3 Differential Treatment of Mismatches. 8.3.1 Basic vs. derived context. 8.3.2 Deflected contrast. 8.3.3 Hypercontrast. 8.4 Markedness. 8.5 Ontogeny Phylogeny Model (OPM). 8.6 Optimality Theory (OT). 8.7 Perception. Summary. Exercises. Chapter 9: Spelling and Pronunciation. 9.1 Irregularity of English Spelling. 9.2 Phoneme???Grapheme Correspondences in English. 9.2.1 Consonants. 9.2.2 Vowels. 9.3 Morphological Basis of English Spelling. 9.4 American English vs. British English. Summary. Exercises. Recommended Readings. Appendix: List of Sound Files. Glossary. References. Index.