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Introduction to Supercritical Fluids Preface INTRODUCTION What is a Supercritical Fluid (SCF)? Practical Aspects of Reactions in Supercritical Fluids The Motivation for Use of SCFs in Modern Chemical Synthesis The History and Applications of SCFs HIGH–PRESSURE METHODS AND EQUIPMENT Introduction Infrastructure for High–Pressure Experiments High–Pressure Reactors Auxiliary Equipment and Handling Dosage Under a High–Pressure Regime Further Regulations and Control in Flow Systems Evaporation and Condensation Complete Reactor Systems for Synthesis with SCFs Conclusion BASIC PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, PHASE BEHAVIOR AND SOLUBILITY Introduction Basic Physical Properties of Supercritical Fluids Phase Behavior in High–Pressure Systems Factors Affecting Solubiliy in Supercritical Fluids EXPANDED LIQUID PHASES IN CATALYSIS: GAS–EXPANDED LIQUIDS AND LIQUID–SUPERCRITICAL FLUID BIPHASIC SYSTEMS A Practical Classification of Biphasic Systems Consisting of Liquids and Compressed Gases for Multiphase Catalysis Physical Properties of Expanded Liquid Phases Chemisorption of Gases in Liquids and their Use for Synthesis and Catalysis Using Gas–Expanded Liquids for Catalysis Why Perform Liquid–SCF Biphasic Reactions? Biphasic Liquid–SCF Systems Biphasic Reactions in Emulsions SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY IN SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS Introduction Hydrogenation in Supercritical Fluids Hydroformylation and Related Reactions in Supercritical Fluids Oxidation Reactions in Supercritical Fluids Palladium–Mediated Coupling Reactions in Supercritical Fluids Miscellaneous Catalytic Reactions in Supercritical Fluids Cycloaddition Reactions in Supercritical Fluids Photochemical Reactions in Supercritical Fluids Radical Reactions in Supercritical Fluids Biotransformations in Supercritical Fluids Conclusion HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS Introduction and Scope General Aspects of Heterogeneous Catalysis in SCFs and GXLs Selected Examples of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Conversions in SCFs and GXLs Outlook ENZYMATIC CATALYSIS Enzymes in Non–Aqueous Environments Supercritical Fluids for Enzyme Catalysis Enzymatic Reactions in Supercritical Fluids Reaction Parameters in Supercritical Biocatalysis Stabilized Enzymes for Supercritical Biocatalysis Enzymatic Catalysis in lL–scCO2 Biphasic Systems Future Trends POLYMERIZATION IN SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE General Aspects Polymerization in scCO2 Conclusion SYNTHESIS OF NANOMATERIALS Introduction Metal and Semiconductor Nanocrystals Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Carbon Nanomaterials Nanocomposites Conclusion PHOTOCHEMICAL AND PHOTO–INDUCED REACTIONS IN SUPERCRITICAL FLUID SOLVENTS Introduction Photochemical Reactions in Supercritical Fluid Solvents Photo–Initiated Radical Chain Reactions in Supercritical Fluid Solvents Conclusion ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS Introduction Electrochemical Methods Analytes Electrolytes Electrochemical Cell and Supercritical Fluid Delivery System Electrodes Solvents Applications Conclusion and Outlook COUPLING REAGENTS AND SEPARATION IN TUNABLE FLUIDS: PHASE TRANSFER–CATALYSIS AND ACID–CATALYZED REACTIONS Introduction Phase Transfer Catalysis Near–Critical Water Alkylcarbonic Acids Conclusion CHEMISTRY IN NEAR– AND SUPERCRITICAL WATER Introduction Properties Synthesis Reactions Biomass Conversion Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO) Inorganic Compounds in NSCW Conclusion Future Trends